句子的詞序:
英語中詞序是理解句子意思的關(guān)鍵。英語中詞序的可變性要小的多。
The dog bit the man. 狗咬人
The man bit the dog. 人咬狗
句子中基本術(shù)語:
(如同程序語言中的數(shù)據(jù)類型/類和實(shí)例一般,這最基礎(chǔ)也最為重要)
限定動(dòng)詞:受到主語限定(影響)的動(dòng)詞就叫做限定動(dòng)詞。
限定動(dòng)詞受到主語限定,還受到時(shí)態(tài)限制:
1. 主語(有時(shí)候隱藏,但是仍然在)
He makes.
They arrived.
We know.
He has finished.
She will write.
They suceeded.
Open the door (You open the door)
動(dòng)詞不定式或現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞(to write, writing/written)永遠(yuǎn)不被影響。
短語:可以作為句子的一部分的一組詞。分為:
名詞短語:a tube of toothpaste
介詞/副詞短語:over the bridge
動(dòng)詞短語:build in stone, will tell, have done
疑問詞+不定式:what to do, when to go
小句:主語+限定動(dòng)詞(必要時(shí)+補(bǔ)語/賓語)
Barry apologized at once.
句子可以四種形式:
陳述句:The shops close at 7 tonight.
疑問句:Do the shops close at 7 tonight?
祈使句:Shut the door!
感嘆句:What a slow train this is!
我們說話的時(shí)候,句子的完整性往往是靠手勢(shì)、語氣和情境來補(bǔ)足的,但是書面語沒辦法,就必須精心組織句子并加上標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)。
句子的基本詞序

詞序術(shù)語定義:
主語:一般為名詞、代詞或者名詞短語,通常謂語動(dòng)詞之前。主語決定動(dòng)詞的形式
I wait, Join waits, I am, you are, I have, the new edition has
主語可以擴(kuò)張:
The man who stole the money ran way.
賓語:一般為名詞、代詞或名詞短語,主動(dòng)語態(tài)中,先動(dòng)詞再賓語,被動(dòng)語態(tài),又可以變?yōu)閯?dòng)詞的主語。
主動(dòng)語態(tài):They drove him away in a police car.
被動(dòng)語態(tài):He was driven away in a police car
賓語并不是總需要的,可以
主語 + 動(dòng)詞: We all laughed
主語 + 動(dòng)詞 + 副詞: We laughed loudly.
賓語也可以
I bought a raincoat with a warm lining.
常見的基本詞序變異:
疑問句:Did you take your car in for a service?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?When did you take your car in for a service?
直接引語的引述動(dòng)詞:‘You've eaten the lot!’ cried Frank
某些條件句(?): Should you see him, please give him my regards
需要特別強(qiáng)調(diào)的時(shí)間短語:Last night we went to the cinema
以-ly結(jié)尾的方式/不定時(shí)間副詞:The whole building suddenly began to shake
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Suddenly, the whole building began to shake.
頻度不定的副詞:We often played dangerous games when we were children
副詞短語:Inside the parcel (there) was a letter.
副詞小品詞:Back came the answer - no!
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Here is your coat.
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?There it is.
否定副詞:Never, in world history, has there been such a conflict.
(強(qiáng)調(diào))前移:為了特別強(qiáng)調(diào),可將句子中的某些部分前置
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? A fine mess you've made of this!
簡(jiǎn)單句
最小的句子單位就是簡(jiǎn)單句。結(jié)構(gòu)就是一個(gè)主語 + 一個(gè)謂語(可以是動(dòng)詞,也可以不是)

五種簡(jiǎn)單句型:
主語 + 動(dòng)詞:My head aches.
主語 +動(dòng)詞 + 補(bǔ)語:Frank is clever
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Frank is an architect
主語 + 動(dòng)詞 + 直接賓語:My sister enjoyed the play
主語 + 動(dòng)詞 + 間接賓語 + 直接賓語: The firm gave Sam a watch
主語 + 動(dòng)詞 + 賓語 + 補(bǔ)語:They made Sam chairman.
我們可以加上形容詞和副詞,隨意擴(kuò)展:
His old firm gave Sam a beautiful gold watch on his retirement.
句型:基本術(shù)語
直接賓語:動(dòng)詞所涉及的人或物,緊跟在及物動(dòng)詞之后
Please don't annoy me
Barry throw the ball over the wall.
間接賓語:一般指受益于動(dòng)詞所表示的行為的人,比如你把什么東西給了某人,或者為某人買了什么東西等。緊跟在動(dòng)詞之后
Throw me the ball
Buy your father a present.
補(bǔ)語:跟在be或相關(guān)的動(dòng)詞如seem之后,它后面不能跟賓語,一般是形容詞、名詞和代詞, 補(bǔ)語的目的是告訴我們,從而使得這句話意思完整。
Frank is clever
Frank is an architect.
及物動(dòng)詞:后面帶賓語