
今天我們學(xué)習(xí)復(fù)句中的最后一個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn),關(guān)系從句。
一、關(guān)系從句的特點(diǎn)
① 兩個(gè)句子有交集(有一個(gè)重復(fù)元素)
句1:For boyfriend I'm looking for a man.
句2:He is tall, rich, and well-educated.
這里的兩個(gè)句子中a man和he就有交集,說的是同一個(gè)人。
② 把交集點(diǎn)改為關(guān)系詞的拼法(wh-),產(chǎn)生連接詞的功能
句2:who(
he) is tall, rich, and well-educated.
③ 將關(guān)系從句附庸于主要子句的交集點(diǎn),當(dāng)作形容詞從句看,修飾名詞
For boyfriend I'm looking for a man who is tall, rich, and well-educated.
從以上不難看出,關(guān)系從句不同于其他從句的一點(diǎn)是,它的連接詞不是自行添加的,而是從句中的字眼改寫過來的(wh-)。
④ 關(guān)系從句中的交集點(diǎn):關(guān)系代名詞和關(guān)系副詞

⑤ 關(guān)系代詞的省略
我們考慮一下,關(guān)系從句中的關(guān)系詞,通常有兩個(gè)功能,一是代名詞功能(句子中有重復(fù)的元素);二是連接詞的功能(標(biāo)識(shí)另一個(gè)句子的開始),如果兩個(gè)句子斷句很清楚,就可以省略掉關(guān)系代名詞。
句1:The man is my uncle. ? ? ? ? ? ? ?句2: You saw him just now.
句2中的him是賓語,與句1中的man重復(fù),可以改寫成關(guān)系代名詞whom
:You saw whom just now
兩句聯(lián)合起來就是:
The man whom you saw just now is my uncle.
此處如果省略掉whom,句子的斷句依然很清晰。如果關(guān)系代名詞是主語的話,就不適合省略。
句1:The man is my uncle. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?句2:He was here just now.
句2改寫成關(guān)系代名詞形式:
who was here just now.
兩句聯(lián)合:
The man who was here just now is my uncle.
此句不適合省略掉who,這是因?yàn)殛P(guān)系代名詞做賓語的時(shí)候會(huì)往前移動(dòng),句子的斷句很清晰,而做主語就不行了。
二、關(guān)系代名詞who、which和that的互換
① 何時(shí)該使用that
當(dāng)關(guān)系代名詞有明確的指示功能的時(shí)候,使用that代替之前的關(guān)系代名詞,常常用在下定義的句子中:
Man is an animal that is capable of reason.
Money is the only thing that interests him.
He's the best man that I can recommend.
② 何時(shí)不該用that
同樣的道理,如果關(guān)系代名詞缺乏明確的指示功能,就不能用that替換。(用作補(bǔ)充,用逗號(hào)隔開的那種)
For boyfriend, I'm considering your brother John, who is tall, rich, etc.
這里的your brother John是一個(gè)專有名詞,代表一個(gè)人。不是普遍意義上的哪種人,沒有明確的指示功能,只是補(bǔ)充說明John的特點(diǎn)
I like Time Classic Words, which many people like, too.
三、先行詞的省略
關(guān)系代名詞與現(xiàn)行詞重復(fù),有時(shí)候可以省略掉現(xiàn)行詞,但有兩個(gè)前提:
1> 先行詞必須是沒有內(nèi)容、空的字眼(thing、people);
2> 關(guān)系從句與先行詞之間不能有逗號(hào)隔開;
① what
?局1:I have the thing. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?句2:You need it.
改寫成:I have the thing which you need.省略掉which以后(當(dāng)賓語可省略)
I have the thing you need.
此處省略掉the thing現(xiàn)行詞以后就缺少了賓語,所以要修改成:
I have what you need.
將關(guān)系代名詞由which改寫成what,可以省略掉前面的一個(gè)現(xiàn)行詞。
② whoever
I'll shoot any person that moves.
如果要省略掉現(xiàn)行詞any person就得首先將關(guān)系詞改成who,然后再變形為whoever(取代any),表示不論是誰,就成了:
I'll shoot whoever moves.
③ whichever
You can take any car that you like.
省略掉現(xiàn)行詞any car, 改成:
You can take whichever car you like.
四、關(guān)系從句的位置
一般來說,關(guān)系從句要放在現(xiàn)行詞的后面,這是因?yàn)殛P(guān)系從句是形容詞類,具體在使用的時(shí)候其實(shí)是觀察哪個(gè)位置表達(dá)的意思最清楚來進(jìn)行判斷的。
句1:There are two apples in the basket.
句2:The basket is lying on the table.
形成關(guān)系從句:
There are two apples in the basket which is lying on the table.
這個(gè)位置使用的關(guān)系連接詞which很清楚,因?yàn)閣hich后面的動(dòng)詞is是單數(shù)形式,也就表示which是單數(shù),代表的是前面的in the basket。
再看一個(gè)例子:
句1:You can find two apples in the basket.
句2:I bought the apple.
如果我們寫成:
You can find two apples which I bought in the basket.
表達(dá)是意思就不清楚了,這時(shí)候我們只有將in the basket提前,修飾 can find。
In the basket you can find two apples which I bought.
總之為了表達(dá)的清楚,關(guān)系從句必須要盡量靠近修飾的對(duì)象,假如關(guān)系從句直接放在先行詞后面會(huì)引起誤解就要移開,變動(dòng)句型。
五、關(guān)系副詞
我們講完了關(guān)系代詞,最后再來看看關(guān)系副詞的情況,關(guān)系副詞不同于關(guān)系代詞是重要的名詞類,關(guān)系副詞的重要性不大,可以自由省略,只有在有括弧形的逗號(hào)隔開時(shí)候不能省略。
① when(是then的改寫)
句1:The rain came at a time. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 句2:The farmers needed it most then.
改寫成:
The rain came at a time when the farmers needed it most.
由于at a time和when都是無內(nèi)容的字眼,在意思上是可有可無的副詞,且同時(shí)出現(xiàn)就可以省略其中之一:
The rain came?
at a timewhen?the farmers needed it most.
但是需要注意的一點(diǎn)是名詞類的先行詞不能省略:
I need
some timewhen I can be with my daughter.
some time 在這里就不能省略。
② where(是there的改寫)
句1:The car stopped at a place.
句2:Three roads met there.
改寫成:The car stopped
at a placewhere three roads met.
where的變化類似于when,這里at a place和where可以擇一省略。
③ how(so改寫)
句1:Can you show me the way?
句2:You pulled off that trick in that way(==so)
句2中的in that way等同于so,兩句改寫成:
Can you show me the way (
how)you pulled off the trick?
how可以省略,由于the way的名詞類不能省略。
④ why(for a reason改寫)
句1:I've forgotten the reason.
句2:I called for a reason.
改寫成:
I've forgotten the reason (
why) I called .
同樣的道理,副詞類的why可以省略,而the reason不行。
⑤ 有逗號(hào)隔開的關(guān)系從句:
可以將逗號(hào)視為一組括弧,擴(kuò)號(hào)中的關(guān)系從句失去了指示功能,不能用that替代,只是補(bǔ)充說明用。
The best museum in Taiwan is the Palace Museum, where you can see our national treasures.
六、wh-ever和副詞從句
這里總結(jié)一下,wh-ever當(dāng)作no matter wh-解釋的時(shí)候就表示讓步、條件的語氣,其后的從句等同于副詞從句;但是如果解釋為anyone、anything that的的時(shí)候就是關(guān)系從句省略掉現(xiàn)行詞的情況,要當(dāng)作名詞從句來看。
Whichever (== No matter which) way you go, I'll follow. ? ? ? ? ?副詞從句
Whichever(==Any way that)you go is fine with me. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?名詞從句