1. 雙賓語(yǔ)現(xiàn)象及例子。
1.1. 雙賓語(yǔ)現(xiàn)象。——間接賓語(yǔ)和直接賓語(yǔ)。
一些動(dòng)詞，經(jīng)常性地，或者說(shuō)規(guī)整地?fù)碛须p賓語(yǔ)；我們先提這種類型：“he gave the boy a shilling.”(他給了那個(gè)男孩一個(gè)先令。) 這兒，習(xí)慣于將“the boy”說(shuō)成是間接賓語(yǔ)，而“a shilling”說(shuō)成是直接賓語(yǔ)。在古英語(yǔ)中，和在其它古老的同語(yǔ)系的語(yǔ)言中一樣，比如在德語(yǔ)和冰島語(yǔ)中，等等，我們有兩個(gè)單獨(dú)的格，與格(dative)是間接賓語(yǔ)，賓格(accusative)是直接賓語(yǔ)，但是，應(yīng)當(dāng)記住，這些描述并未將這兩種格的功能講解透徹。
在英語(yǔ)中，早已不再區(qū)分與格與賓格，名詞性實(shí)詞，主要通過(guò)弱讀-e的脫落來(lái)區(qū)分，弱讀-e在很多名詞性實(shí)詞中是與格單數(shù)的區(qū)分標(biāo)識(shí)，在使用-um結(jié)尾表示的專用與格的時(shí)候，通過(guò)主格-賓格復(fù)數(shù)的類推擴(kuò)展加以區(qū)分。有時(shí)候，是代詞承擔(dān)了這兩種舊式格的功能，舊式與格由代詞me，you，us，him，her，hem(them)，whom承但，舊式的賓格由代詞it，this，that，what承擔(dān)。前面的代詞用在表示人稱的場(chǎng)合(當(dāng)表示物的時(shí)候，也使用them)，后面的代詞用于表示事物的場(chǎng)合(中性詞：this和that是舊式中性用法詞代詞)。在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中，沒(méi)有絲毫事由可以把與格與賓格分開(kāi)：就像把諾曼底和新英格蘭說(shuō)成是大英帝國(guó)的一部分一樣，這是非歷史的。在上面引用的句子中，我們甚至不能說(shuō)，“the boy”在句中所處的位置上是與格，將其放在賓格前面，保持與賓格的區(qū)分，因?yàn)?，從另一方面?lái)說(shuō)，我們?cè)诳梢杂孟喾吹脑~序，例如，句子“give it him”，另一方面，我們還有同樣的詞序的例子，“he called the boy John；”“they made him their chief;” 在句子中，沒(méi)有人會(huì)稱“the boy”和“him”是與格。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)句的主語(yǔ)被當(dāng)成與與格相對(duì)的賓格的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是不可能的。這兒不找算重復(fù)最新的與格理論的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。
1.2.間接賓語(yǔ)和直接賓語(yǔ)的區(qū)別。
在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中，確實(shí)存在著間接賓語(yǔ)與直接賓語(yǔ)的區(qū)分。這種區(qū)分的一個(gè)重要的標(biāo)識(shí)就是把一個(gè)“to短語(yǔ)”替換成間接賓語(yǔ)具有可行性；但是，盡管這種檢測(cè)方法適用于很多場(chǎng)合，但是并非總是可行。另一方面，使用to的很多場(chǎng)合我們并不想使用術(shù)語(yǔ)“間接賓語(yǔ)”來(lái)稱呼它。使用“to短語(yǔ)”從而舍棄動(dòng)詞的間接賓語(yǔ)這種可能性確實(shí)是更深度的問(wèn)題，也就是說(shuō)，對(duì)于動(dòng)詞來(lái)講，直接賓語(yǔ)是基礎(chǔ)，比起間接賓語(yǔ)，直接賓語(yǔ)與動(dòng)詞聯(lián)系更為緊密，盡管間接賓語(yǔ)從位置上看起來(lái)似乎更接近動(dòng)詞。在句子“they offered the man a reward”中，將直接賓語(yǔ)(“they offered a reward”)從句中分開(kāi)是可能的，但是分開(kāi)間接賓語(yǔ)(“they offered the man”)是不可能的。“a reward”是動(dòng)詞“offered”的賓語(yǔ)，但是，“the man”是“offered a reward”的賓語(yǔ)。因此，我們問(wèn)“What did they offer?”，這顯得很自然，但是，如果問(wèn)“Whom (or to Whom) did they offer?”，而又不提到賓語(yǔ)，這顯得非常不自然，也不合邏輯。也就是說(shuō)，將直接賓語(yǔ)單獨(dú)組成句子，是完整的，而將間接賓語(yǔ)單獨(dú)組成句子，是說(shuō)不通的。也可以使用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)說(shuō)明：我們可以說(shuō)“A reward was offered”，但是我們不能在沒(méi)“提供了什么”的情況下說(shuō)“The man was offered”；盡管我們可以說(shuō)“Who was offered a reward?”以及“What was offered?” 但是我們也不能說(shuō)“Who was offered a reward?” 因此，我們可以說(shuō)，在句子“a reward was offered the man”中，“a reward”是“was offered”的主語(yǔ)，但是，將句子調(diào)換成意義相同的句子“the man was offered a reward”，“the man”是主語(yǔ)，不是“was offered”的主語(yǔ)，而是整個(gè)組合“was offered a reward”的主語(yǔ)。因此，術(shù)語(yǔ)直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)這兩種說(shuō)法是完全合理的，我們將會(huì)看到更多一個(gè)動(dòng)詞有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)的情況，而這里討論的情況已不適用于這種情況(這里提到一個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)，一個(gè)間接賓語(yǔ))，因此，另一種情況，必須用術(shù)語(yǔ)兩個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)來(lái)表示。(即雙賓語(yǔ)分兩種情況：一種是動(dòng)詞后接間接賓語(yǔ)和直接賓語(yǔ)這種雙賓語(yǔ)，另一種情況是動(dòng)詞后接兩個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)這種雙賓。)
一個(gè)動(dòng)詞有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)(一個(gè)間接賓語(yǔ)一個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ))這種組合，與在句子“they elected Dr.Brown president”中見(jiàn)到的現(xiàn)象有著嚴(yán)格的區(qū)分：在這個(gè)句中，沒(méi)有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，而只有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)。這個(gè)句子結(jié)構(gòu)由兩個(gè)元素組成，“Dr.Brown”作為主語(yǔ)元素，“president”作為謂語(yǔ)元素，和句子“they made Dr.Brown resign”(“他們讓Dr.Brown辭職”)完全一樣，動(dòng)詞“made”具有不定式連系式(infinitival nexus)“Dr.Brown resign”作為它的一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)(應(yīng)該這樣理解：如果把“Dr.Brown resign”拆分開(kāi)成兩個(gè)句子，即“they make Dr.Brown”和“they make resign”，句子意思沒(méi)有一個(gè)是完整的，所以，只能放在一起整體理解，作為動(dòng)詞“made”的賓語(yǔ))。某報(bào)紙上把這兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)放在一起，“It is honestly true to say of Mr.Well’s books that they?do a man good,for half an hour or so”[“a man good”是連接詞，注意，“good”是謂語(yǔ)次品（次修飾詞），而前面的組合it是主品(主題，中心思想)]，可對(duì)比句子“The woman who makes a man a good wife also makes him a good husband”。
1.3.接受一個(gè)間接賓語(yǔ)的常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用例子。
1.3.1 表示“給予”(give)含義的動(dòng)詞和其同義的動(dòng)詞接受間接賓語(yǔ)的例子：
(1) Shakespeare ，<<the Taming of the Shrew>>，Induction，1.103章節(jié)有：
giue?them friendly welcome everie one.(giue—give的印刷形式，已廢棄)
(2) Anthony Trollope，<>,Tauchnitz(陶赫.尼次版)1.255章節(jié)有：?Give?papa my best love.
he?left?his sister a hundred pounds.
(3) Charles Dickens，<<David Copperfield>>，London，Macmillan(出版社)1897年版556頁(yè)有：
to?restore?a parent his child.[通常帶有to]
(4) John Masefield,<<The Widow in the Bye-Street>>,London 1912年版 10頁(yè)有：
There you can …?stand?her cockshies.
(5) Rudyard Kipling，<<Kim>> VII章節(jié)有：
they would?feed?him raw beef on a plate(原句是platter).
(6) Robert Herrick,<>，New York 1905年版82頁(yè)有： the police?fed?them lies.
(7) William M.Thackeray，<<Vanity Fair>>London 1890年版119頁(yè)有：
the mere chance..can?procure?a lady such homage.
get?me some stamps.
he?offered?her marriage.
pay?the cabman his fare.
(8) Shakespeare ，<<Measure for Measure>> III.2.263章節(jié)有：
you haue?paid?the heauens your function.
(9) William M.Thackeray，<>，Tauchnitz版1.173章節(jié)有： he thought he would?pay?the General a visit.
(10) John Galsworthy, << Maid in Waiting >>208頁(yè)有：
he wanted me to?find?the chap a job.
(11) Shakespeare，<<As you like it>>，I.1.75章節(jié)有：
allow?me such exercises as may become a gentleman.
(12) Shakespeare，<<Richard III>>IV.2.114章節(jié)有：
What you?promised?me.
(13) Daniel Defoe，<< Moll Flanders>>第5章節(jié)有：
who must?buy?the little gentlewoman clothes.
(14) H.G.Well,PF(不詳)有：to buy?Mary clothes.
1.3.2 表示“拒絕”(Not to give)含義的動(dòng)詞接受間接賓語(yǔ)的例子：
(1) Shakespeare，<<As you like it>>，I.2.198章節(jié)有：
to denie?so faire and excellent ladies anye thing.
I can?refuse?you nothing.
(2) Shakespeare，<<Julius Caesar>> IV.3.206章節(jié)有：
For they haue?grug’d?vs contribution.
I?forbid?you the use of that word.
(3) Shakespeare，<<Second Part of Henry VI>> II 4.110章節(jié)有：
I will?barre?no honest man my house.
(4) Charles Dickens，<<David Copperfield>>，London，Macmillan(出版社)1897年版94頁(yè)有：
You have?lost?him his situation.
(5) John Locke，<< The House of Baltazar>> 111頁(yè)有：
The robbers?bled?me eight guineas.
1.3.3 隱含表示“傳遞，給予”動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞接受間接賓語(yǔ)的例子：
(1)?pass?me the mustard.
(2) Daniel Defoe，<< Roxana >> 187頁(yè)有：Amy?carried?him the hundred pounds.
(3) Daniel Defoe，<< Sterne>> 213頁(yè)有：returning?Mons. Dessein his how.
(4) Charles Dickens，<<Dombey and Son>>London 1887年Ch.D.版本237頁(yè)有：
throwing?her a shilling.
同樣出處，220頁(yè)有：
he?pured?himself out a dram.
(5)Arthur Conan Doyle,<<The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes>> Tauchnitz(陶赫.尼次版)1.239章節(jié)有：
he would?bring?his little boy home a box of bricks.
(6) William M.Thackeray，<>，Tauchnitz版1.45章節(jié)有： The landlady?dropped?the heir of Fairoaks a very respectful curtsey.
(7) Henry James，<<Roderick Hudson>>194頁(yè)有：
she?swept?the young man a curtsey as profound as his own salutation.
(8) Williamson Webb. D(此處不詳)有： but for one look she had?flashed?him before she went.
(9) Hugh Walpole，<< The Captives>> 26頁(yè)有： he?flung?his niece a watery wink.
(8) it is an ill wind that?blows?nobody any good.
(9)?set?the boy another task.
(10) she?smiled?him her thanks.
1.3.4 動(dòng)詞Bear(描述感覺(jué))和動(dòng)詞Win(贏得)接受間接賓語(yǔ)的例子：
Bear——
(1) for the loue I?beare?my sweet Bianca.
(2) the hatred I?bore?those brutes.
(3) the violent hatred the Houyhnhnms?bore?them.
(4) the affection he?bore?Ethel himself was so great.
(5) he?bore?him company nevertheless.
(6) we?bore?Heaven a grudge that he was not our King.
Win——
a fast drive into the corner of the court，which?won?him the set.
1.3.5 動(dòng)詞Wish(愿望)接受間接賓語(yǔ)的例子：
(1) he?wished?Miss W. joy.
(2) I?wish?Jane success with all my heart.(我衷心祝愿Jane成功。)
(3) why anyone should?wish?him harm.
(4) to?wish?my father and sisters a long farewell. (是否我們可以說(shuō)高頻短語(yǔ)“wish some one well”有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，這是有分歧的，文法學(xué)家們意見(jiàn)不一。)
(5) he?wished?all the world rather well.
(6) I shall remember how well you?wished?me.
1.3.6 動(dòng)詞Intend(表示意圖)等接受間接賓語(yǔ)的例子：
(1) I?meant?them no harm.
(2) I want a due sense of the honour and happiness?intended?me.
(3) thou?ow’st?heauen a death.
(4) you?owe?the country a good deal.
(5) the good will they?ought?him.
1.3.7 spare，save接受間接賓語(yǔ)的例子：
(1) he desired me to?spare?you my fine company.
(2) if you want to?save?them a long stretch of penal servitude.
1.3.8 動(dòng)詞Cause(表示“引起”含義)等接受間接賓語(yǔ)的例子：
(1) this?caused?us much trouble.
(2) the career which had?occasioned?the fond lady such anguish.
1.3.9 動(dòng)詞do接受間接賓語(yǔ)的例子，僅在某類短語(yǔ)中接受間接賓語(yǔ)(斜體表示do的間接賓語(yǔ))：
(1) this true，of doing no other person?an injury?from any motive.
(2) a warmth of heart which did him?credit.
(3) it does a man?good?to see the energy of that boy.
(4) I had done her foul?wrong?by my doubts.
(5) Will you do me another?favour?(對(duì)比被動(dòng)式：I am now come to see?justice?done a worthy man.)
1.3.10 動(dòng)詞make接受間接賓語(yǔ)的例子：
(1) the joiner made her a stool.
(2) to make their kettle drum a new skin.
(3) they were the best [boots] he had ever made me.
(4) I made the Captain a very low bow.
(5) I made my gentleman a distant bow.
1.3.11 動(dòng)詞work接受間接賓語(yǔ)的例子：
he had tried to work me so great a mischief.
1.3.12 動(dòng)詞tell和其它“交流”動(dòng)詞接受間接賓語(yǔ)的例子：
(1) he?told?his wife the secret.
(2) The lover?whispers?his mistress that the coach is ready.( whisper：私下說(shuō)。)
(3) I’ve a whole desk full of verses he?wrote?me when he was in Trinity College.
(4) the world does not?write down?a man his good luck as being generally conducive to his happiness. he wired (telegraphed,(tel)phoned) them the sad news.
(5) Alworthy failed not to?read?Tom a very severe lecture.
(6) to?read?us terrible lessons.
another poem he wanted to?read?me.
(7) I…play?you one of my adagio movements…play?us so always.
(8) to?inform?me this [more usual:of this].
(9) he taught his children French. (注意：一般認(rèn)為teach后的兩個(gè)雙賓語(yǔ)都是直接賓語(yǔ)，習(xí)慣用法。)
(10) to?shew?virtue her owne feature.
(11)?show?me that letter.
1.3.13 句子“this cost him a lot of money”分析。
一般分析認(rèn)為，這個(gè)句子有一個(gè)間接賓語(yǔ)和一個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)；<>(牛津詞典)稱“him”是間接賓語(yǔ)，“a lot of money”是副詞性賓語(yǔ)(不管怎么說(shuō)，可能就是這個(gè)意思)，但是，又說(shuō)這個(gè)動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞，因?yàn)樗鼪](méi)有被動(dòng)式——術(shù)語(yǔ)“不及物”（intransitive）的一種很奇怪的用法。動(dòng)詞“bet”和“fine”也有類似結(jié)構(gòu)，在它們的用法中，使人感興趣的，是將人稱稱為直接賓語(yǔ)，而將余下的部分稱為度量的次修飾語(yǔ)：I have bet Scaife twenty-five pounds；the magistrate fined him five shillings.(注意，有點(diǎn)微妙，也就是說(shuō)，這種動(dòng)詞看似有間接賓語(yǔ)和直接賓語(yǔ)，但是，存細(xì)分析，將句子拆分開(kāi)，作為次修飾語(yǔ)的部分，并不是動(dòng)詞的作用對(duì)象。)
1.3.14 句子“I buy me clothes”分析。
“I buy me clothes”=“buy to (for) me clothes”:這種同樣的人稱代詞作為主語(yǔ)(沒(méi)有self的反身代詞，這里指me，用在這里指myself)又作為間接賓語(yǔ)的這種用法，現(xiàn)在并不像以前那么常見(jiàn)了，甚至對(duì)應(yīng)的帶self的反身代詞作間接賓語(yǔ)也不常用，盡管偶爾可見(jiàn)：通常，代詞用在這里感覺(jué)像是多余的。下面是反身代詞作間接賓語(yǔ)的例子:
(1) how will you do for a husband ? Why I can buy me twenty at any market.
(2) I made me a large tent.
(3) till we could have … materials provided for building us a house.
(4) I bought me ploughs.
(5) one day I bought me a Cannary-bird.
(6) I shall never get me a wife if I live to the age of eagles.
(7) I’d buy myself that.
(8) he ordered himself a dozen oysters.
(9) It’s not often you play yourself a tune.
(10) the Seraph lit himself a cigarette.
注意以下兩具句子的區(qū)別：
“she poured herself out a glass of wine.” (herself是間接賓語(yǔ))
“she poured out a glass of wine herself.”(herself是主語(yǔ)的同位語(yǔ))
1.4.情感間接賓語(yǔ)(affective indirect object)。
有一種特別的類型稱為“興趣與格”(dative of interest，dativus，ethicus)，或許更好的稱呼叫“情感間接賓語(yǔ)”(the affective(or emotional) indirect)，通過(guò)引入人稱的元素使得表達(dá)風(fēng)格更為生動(dòng)，但是對(duì)于表達(dá)思想來(lái)說(shuō)，不是必要的元素(即去掉后句子同樣完整)。例如：
(1) he pluckt?me?ope his doublet.
(2) Come?me?to what was done to her.
(3) Nothing introduces?you?a heroine like soft music.
(4) He could knock?you?off forty Latin verses in an hour.
1.5.間接賓語(yǔ)是人稱和非人稱的例子。
在大部分場(chǎng)合，間接賓語(yǔ)指人稱，在下面這兩個(gè)語(yǔ)錄中，it分別指幽靈和指嬰兒:
(1) we do it wrong，being so maiesticall To offer it the shew of violence.
(2) in the morning he would give orders of providing it a nurse.
間接賓語(yǔ)不是人稱的例子：
(1) a malice,giuing?itselfe?the lie.
(2) this intolerable disinclination to dying to?give?it?its mildest name.
(3) if I had?given?it?a thought，but I gave it none until afterwards[或give this a thought].
(4) he had?given?the subject anxious?consideration.
(5) you had only to give?imagination?rein.
(6) his rage...this will?giue?it?start?againe.
(7) he expressed his sorrow for her distress,wish?it?a happier conclusion.
(8) The opera lacked the life-blood of the stern old Northland.The Englishman could not give it that.
(9) he?allowed?his imagination full play.
只有極個(gè)別的專門與格詞尾變化的想法會(huì)引起混淆,下面是可能引起混淆的例子：
(1) Shakespeare Shr I.1.12章節(jié)有：“Pisa Gaue me my being,and my father first”含義可能是“...and gave my father being before me.”
(2) Marlowe F 332頁(yè)有：So he will spare him 24 years: him是間接賓語(yǔ)，years是直接賓語(yǔ)；或者，him是直接賓語(yǔ)，years是時(shí)間的次修飾語(yǔ)？
(3) Shakespeare Oth I.3.163章節(jié)有：“she shish’d that Heauen had make her such a man”，我們可以將her當(dāng)成間接賓語(yǔ)，或者將“her such a man”作為“連接賓語(yǔ)”。
(4) Shakespeare I.2.8章節(jié)有：“knocke me here soundly”，句中將me(情感間接賓語(yǔ))作為直接賓語(yǔ)就是刻意的制造誤解。
1.6.間接賓語(yǔ)可以是帶to的不定式短語(yǔ)。
Charles Dickens,David Copperfield. London. 1897年版 29頁(yè)有：“I gave Mr Peggotty to understand that she was as jolly as I could wish.”
1.7.動(dòng)詞told(wrote,wired,telegraphed,(tele)phoned)等的間接賓語(yǔ)，句子或短語(yǔ)充當(dāng)直接賓語(yǔ)的例子。
例如：“he told(wrote,wired,telegraphed,(tele)phoned) his sister the sad news”——his sister，很明顯，是間接賓語(yǔ)。下面的語(yǔ)錄中，整個(gè)句子或者從句充當(dāng)直接賓語(yǔ)：
(1) George Meredith，<<The Ordeal of Richard Feverel>> Longdon 1895年版412頁(yè)有：“Richard is very gay”，Miss Doria whispered her brother.
(2) Barrie ,<<Margaret Ogilvy>> Tauchnitz(陶赫尼茨)平裝版，1897年版77頁(yè)有：popping into telegraph offices to wire my father that we should not be home till late.
(3) Rudyard Kipling，<<Puck of Pook’s Hill>> Tauchnitz(陶赫尼茨)平裝版，166頁(yè)有：I wrote my mother I was happy.
(4) Bennett <<How to live on 24 Hours>> Longdon,1912年版，365頁(yè)有：I’ll telephone him you’re on the way.
同樣的動(dòng)詞，我們有一種常用法，在句中，直接賓語(yǔ)沒(méi)有表達(dá)出來(lái)(從上下文可以推斷或判斷)：“He told his sister,who told their father.”在句中，說(shuō)話者并不是說(shuō)“他或她告知了什么”，因?yàn)?，從整個(gè)情況或上下文環(huán)境看是顯而易見(jiàn)的事情(“告知這個(gè)故事，告知了你想知道的”)，和我們說(shuō)“Yes,I know”（=“I know what you are alluding to ,or,what you mentioned,etc.”）一樣。但是，下面句子的情況有點(diǎn)不一樣，我們不能按同樣的方式補(bǔ)上直接賓語(yǔ)(在理解句子時(shí)，可以將省略的直接賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)上，方便理解)，更可取的辦法是稱這個(gè)組合構(gòu)成的賓語(yǔ)為直接賓語(yǔ)，保留將組合中包含的另一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)稱為“間接賓語(yǔ)”的這個(gè)稱謂：
(1) he has always been at my elbow，whispering?me.
(2) she had?written some cousins?in Kentucky(美式英語(yǔ)使用頻率相當(dāng)高)。
將“written some cousins”稱為直接賓語(yǔ)，而“some cousins”也可以稱為間接賓語(yǔ)。(下同)
(3) she had?telegraphed the editor.
(4) there’s nothing for me but to?wire her?the first thing in the morning.
(5) After?telephoning Cutter, Dr. Mount?
(6) they were?signaling me?to come up.
在這些句子中，不可能有錯(cuò)誤。因?yàn)?，人不可能是類似whisper，write這類動(dòng)詞的直接賓語(yǔ)(也就是說(shuō)，這樣的用法本身就不會(huì)產(chǎn)生歧義或混淆)。但是，即便是這樣，很多作家為了清晰起見(jiàn)，也選擇在此種位置加入to；對(duì)于采用人稱作為直接賓語(yǔ)這樣的動(dòng)詞，加入to也是必要的：“she sent me”，很自然就理解為人稱“me”是直接賓語(yǔ)（即對(duì)于接受人稱作為直接賓語(yǔ)，但是也有可能人稱不是直接賓語(yǔ)）；因此，有必要說(shuō)成“he sent to me”=“he sent someone to me”(加上to以示區(qū)別)。
2.間接賓語(yǔ)的放置位置。
間接賓語(yǔ)放置位置的一般規(guī)則是：間接賓語(yǔ)位于動(dòng)詞之后，直接賓語(yǔ)的正前面，極個(gè)別情況下，通過(guò)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)副詞將間接賓語(yǔ)與直接賓語(yǔ)隔開(kāi)，例如，“he sometimes gave me up his bedroom”。
在大部分有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)的組合中，一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)表示人稱，另一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)表示事物，幾乎在每一種情況下，人稱都表示間接賓語(yǔ)，事物都表示直接賓語(yǔ)。對(duì)人稱而言，感覺(jué)更有趣的是，首先引導(dǎo)提到他們的名字，因此，我們得出這個(gè)間接賓語(yǔ)首先出現(xiàn)這個(gè)主要規(guī)則，然后，在極少數(shù)情況下，間接賓語(yǔ)被轉(zhuǎn)換到表示事物（即，在少數(shù)情況下，間接賓語(yǔ)也可能是事物，而非人稱）。然而，有代詞的情況下，事情在某種程序上來(lái)說(shuō)， 要復(fù)雜很多。
2.1 代詞作為賓語(yǔ)， 且間接賓語(yǔ)位于直接賓語(yǔ)之前的例子。
人稱代詞作為間接賓語(yǔ)的例子：
(1) he scheauwed him ou.
(2) lend you him I will.
(3) Monsieur，tell me them [impressions].
(4) Bring me him down like a ripe apple.
(5) as nature has denied me them [ideas].
give me her back for one moment.
(6) I grudged him you.
(7) the door cautiously opened and showed me him.
it作為直接賓語(yǔ)的例子：
(1) give me it again.
(2) Then in Heaven’s name，my good friend，tell me it.
(3) [I] offer’d you it kneeling.
give her the child! or if you scorn…give me it:I will give it her.
(4) he told us it himself.
(5) I’ll tell you it just as it happended.
(6) it was me that gae him it.
2.2 代詞作為賓語(yǔ)， 且間接賓語(yǔ)位于直接賓語(yǔ)之后的情況和例子。
但是，所有語(yǔ)言都有一個(gè)偏好，將弱讀的代詞放置到盡可能的離動(dòng)詞更靠近的位置，在類似以下的句子中，這不會(huì)與賓語(yǔ)放置位置的通用規(guī)則沖突：
(1) give him the money.
(2) bring me some.
(3) show me that letter.
但是，有時(shí)候，可能導(dǎo)致直接賓語(yǔ)被置于間接賓語(yǔ)之前。
代詞作為直接賓語(yǔ)，位于名詞性實(shí)詞(間接賓語(yǔ))之前的例子：
(1) Pretty pearls—never gave ‘em(them) the ironmonger’s daughter—使用them的情況極少見(jiàn)，一般使用it。
(2) And I will giu’t your honour.
(3) Caue it a Judges clearke.
(4) giue it his sonne for an apple.
(5) give it the gentleman.
(6) give it the Colonel.
(7) I shall give it my Reader as well as I can remember.
(8) I’d give it those two heavy pug-faced chaps.
注意下面引用段的詞序，兩個(gè)弱讀代詞被置于更重讀的名詞性實(shí)詞之前：
they often gave me money，and I gave it my old nurse.
2.3常見(jiàn)詞序例子：it(作間接賓語(yǔ))位于另一個(gè)代詞之前(作直接賓語(yǔ))。
(1) scheau hit him.
(2) I graunte it thee.
(3) yf the kynge wolde graunte it hym.
(4) Ile haue a starling…and giue it him.
(5) I may show it these.
(6) to tel it you.
(7) why don’t you present it him of your own accord?
(8) let me tell the story，as mother told it us.
但是，以下句子中，it是直接賓語(yǔ)：
Fate did not tell me it，you know.
為什么相比與別的代詞，it經(jīng)常會(huì)按這樣的位置(指作間接賓語(yǔ)，位于直接賓語(yǔ)之前)安放呢？Fehr (Anglia Beibl. 1911.37)將其原因歸結(jié)為為了押韻：位置沉降(‘dip’，“senkung”之意)的原因，即放在動(dòng)詞之后的原因是，比起名詞性實(shí)詞來(lái)講，it是更為弱讀的詞(例如，“offer it the girl”)，甚至比代詞me，you，him更為弱讀(例如，give it him)。但是，也不完全是這樣的原因，如果是這樣，那我們本應(yīng)該期望像“show him the girl”這樣的組合，“him”是直接賓語(yǔ)，而“the girl”是間接賓語(yǔ)，這種情況應(yīng)該更為常見(jiàn)才對(duì)，但事實(shí)上，這種情況極為少見(jiàn)。因此，可能有兩個(gè)并存的原因：(1)?it是中性詞，(正如上面所示)事物的名稱，幾乎總是作為直接賓語(yǔ):因此，不用擔(dān)心像其它代詞組合一樣，會(huì)有來(lái)自it組合的混淆。(2) it從發(fā)音上來(lái)講，可能表示早期的“it to”，其首先演變成[itt?，it?]，然后弱讀的[?]脫落，演變成[it]，正如“at the (atte) laste”演變成“at last”一樣。
2.4 兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)都是代詞的時(shí)候，間接賓語(yǔ)與直接賓語(yǔ)的次序問(wèn)題。
Ellis提出了這個(gè)規(guī)則“當(dāng)兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)都是代詞的時(shí)候，賓格在前，he gave it me，而不是he gave me it,因此，在句子he gave her him中，her是賓格；假如我們希望將her置為與格(dative)，我們必須使用前置詞，例如，he gave him to her.”——但是，這種說(shuō)法太過(guò)于絕對(duì)；這里給出一些觀察到的例子，如果一個(gè)代詞表示一個(gè)事物，而另一個(gè)代詞表示人稱，則在這種場(chǎng)合不會(huì)引起混淆，換句話說(shuō)，假如it是them的復(fù)數(shù)：
(1) I tolde hem thee.
(2) I gaue them him…I giue them you againe.
(3) The man that gaue them thee.
(4) The great man would have supplied them [rifles] me at once.
(5) why do you never come and let me show them [books] you?
(6) she said the Emperor had given them [snuffboxes] her.
(7) I’d give them you for breakfast again.
下面的情況更為復(fù)雜，因?yàn)榍爸弥苯淤e語(yǔ)是人稱：
(1) ich chulle senden hine ou.
(2) we deliuer him you.
(3) will you…giue me this maid? As freely,sonne,as God did giue her me.
(4) thou gauest them [men] me.
(5) Give him us! We have not seen blood for many a day.
在這樣的組合中，上下文環(huán)境(狀況，有時(shí)候，只是輔助手段)只能表明那一個(gè)是直接賓語(yǔ)，那一個(gè)是間接賓語(yǔ)；細(xì)心的演講者和作家，通常選擇帶to的不易混淆結(jié)構(gòu)，例如：
(1) I don’t wonder at people giving him to me for a loiver.
(2) they showed her to him.
(3) his work was giving her to him more surely than any caresses.
在下列句子中，沒(méi)有人能說(shuō)得清楚’em(um)和them指的是什么：
Shakespeare，<<Henry V>> IV.3.124章節(jié):They [the French] shall haue none [no ransom],I sweare,but these my joynts:Which if they haue,as I will leaue vm them,Shall yield them little.
在一些地方，我們已經(jīng)看到了重讀(押韻)的影響；在下面兩個(gè)引用段中也很明顯：
(1) search me them out and bring them me (從語(yǔ)氣上說(shuō)，第一個(gè)me是弱讀，第二個(gè)me稍重讀。)
(2) you gave me yourself.
sent someone to me”(加上to以示區(qū)別)。
3.雙賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)中的“to短語(yǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)。
當(dāng)使用間接賓語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，起初是帶有明顯的變格詞尾(與格)，后來(lái)，沒(méi)有任何這樣的詞尾了，因此，稱為與格已不再合適，回歸最早時(shí)候的易理解性，前置詞短語(yǔ)的并存用法，自從第一次以弱小的形式產(chǎn)生于古英語(yǔ)以來(lái)，已經(jīng)穩(wěn)定的增長(zhǎng)，比起用與格表示，應(yīng)當(dāng)作為關(guān)系表達(dá)的更顯著的或更明顯的表達(dá)手段。其它印歐語(yǔ)系語(yǔ)言也是一樣。
to用在類似give，hand，lend，show，甚至teach這樣的動(dòng)詞之后，其本來(lái)含義，或多或少，表示意圖，在類似deny，refuse這樣的動(dòng)詞之后，其本來(lái)含義完全被沖刷掉了，這種結(jié)構(gòu)，通過(guò)類比法引入：
(1) Giue to dogges what thou denyest to men.
(2) For use alone Was death invented? or to us deni’d This intellectual food.
(3) When I that knew him fierce and turbulent Refused her to him,then his pride awoke.
盡管，“I gave the boy an apple”和“I gave an apple to the boy”在實(shí)用中是同義的，但是，如果我們像平常一樣說(shuō)，“the boy”和“to the boy”具有相同的格(與格)，或者“to the boy”和與格相當(dāng)，這樣說(shuō)可能就是錯(cuò)誤的。兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)可能含義是一樣的，或者幾乎就是指同樣的事物，而從文法角度講，是不同的：“I happened to see it”和“I saw it accidentally”是同義句，但是“happened”是一個(gè)動(dòng)詞，而“accidentally”是一個(gè)副詞。“To replace B by A”和“to substituted a for B”指同一件事情，但是，前者A不是賓語(yǔ)，而后者B是結(jié)構(gòu)的賓語(yǔ)，等?！皌o短語(yǔ)”的放置位置,除了作為動(dòng)詞的間接賓語(yǔ)，與動(dòng)詞還有另一重關(guān)系；不僅是物理上距離動(dòng)詞較遠(yuǎn)(通過(guò)連接)，而本質(zhì)上與動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系也較為松散，與其它由前置詞和其賓語(yǔ)組成的次修飾成分表征的方式完全一樣，而間接賓語(yǔ)，正如我們所見(jiàn)，盡管，其關(guān)系并沒(méi)有動(dòng)詞與主語(yǔ)，或者直接賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系那么緊密，但，仍然與動(dòng)詞緊密關(guān)聯(lián)。假如誤用了來(lái)自不同語(yǔ)言，例如拉丁語(yǔ)或者甚至是古英語(yǔ)的不同結(jié)構(gòu)的術(shù)語(yǔ)，就有可能不能真正地理解英語(yǔ)的這種結(jié)構(gòu)。
和間接賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系通常通過(guò)直接賓語(yǔ)前的位置表示一樣，“to短語(yǔ)”也要選擇一個(gè)規(guī)則，或者，甚至更為必要，由于一些原因，或者其它的原因，位置變得不可得，特別是，當(dāng)一個(gè)單詞的放置位置首先要考慮強(qiáng)調(diào)作用的時(shí)候：
(1) To you I giue my selfe.
(2) “What does that teach thee?” A. was silent. “To me it teaches this…”
(3) To him they showed everything，to me nothing.
這就是為什么“to”通常和疑問(wèn)和關(guān)系代詞一起使用的原因：
To whom did you give it? (還原為直接一點(diǎn)的意思或許是“Who(m) did you give it to?”)，俗語(yǔ)化比起“Who(m) did you give it?”更為通用。
對(duì)比以下句子：
(1) Who did I say that to?—Straker. He’s just told me.
(2) the man to whom my father gave me,and to whom I gave myself.
(3) It was the same with the older girls,those to whom she taught sewing.
顯然，如果間接賓語(yǔ)更短，相比于更長(zhǎng)，更容詞組織成“間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)”這樣的順序。上面給出的所有例子，要么是一個(gè)代詞，要么是一個(gè)單獨(dú)的名詞性實(shí)詞，或者，至少是一個(gè)相對(duì)較短的組合作為間接賓語(yǔ)。但是，如果我們?cè)诰渥又惺褂谩皌o”而又采用和上面相反的順序，會(huì)導(dǎo)致頭重(top-heavy)腳輕：注意區(qū)別，“Friends do?one another?good turns；”“I don’t go about doing them?to anybody I meet.”。
下面句子中，明顯地，關(guān)系從句很有必要使用“to”：
you need to give the tools?to him who can handle them.
當(dāng)直接賓語(yǔ)沒(méi)有表達(dá)出來(lái)的時(shí)候，很有必要使用“to”：
(1) she?gave largely to hospitals.
(2) he that gives to the poor lends to the Lord;let us lend our heavenly Father a little of our children’s bread.
當(dāng)間接賓語(yǔ)在句子的第二部分被省略掉的時(shí)候，有必要使用“to”：
(1) I haue?giuen you?euery herbe…And?to euery beast?of the earth, and?to euery foule?of the aire.
(2) Giue(give)?none?offence,neither?to the Jewes，nor?to the Gentiles.
(3) all that life was ended; and he?bore it?no more ill-will or good-will than a man?bears to a colourless dream of the night.
(4) in common parlance we?give a writer?the credit of his rhythm,as we?do to Milton.
Onions提到，在一些組合中，難覓“to短語(yǔ)”的蹤影，例如：deny，do(to do one a favour), forgive，pardon，play(play one a trick)，reach(reach me my hat)，save(it saves me a deal of trouble)，以及spare.——但是，偶爾，“to”也用在deny之后；牛津詞典上也有一些關(guān)于reach帶to和unto的例子。
play在非比喻意義的情況下通常也使用“to”:
(1) he Beethoven?to?us；
(2)?To?would be impossible in keep(bear) me company.
下面的例子中，play沒(méi)有使用“to”:
(1) I never gave it a thought.
(2) it gave her some uneasiness.
一些帶有give的短語(yǔ)，現(xiàn)在，感覺(jué)是作為一個(gè)整體需要帶“to”(也就是帶“to”的短語(yǔ)):
give rise to，give birth to a son，give way to (也有不這么用的，例如，“give the victors way”)，he gave himself up to study，give one’s heart to the subjet.
類似的還有：pay attention to(a teacher，a young lay，one’s work)，pay need to，make love to。
“l(fā)eave”可以有一個(gè)間接賓語(yǔ)；但是，我們總是說(shuō)：
(1) Leave that to me=‘ let me take care of that ’，或者‘he left him to his own resources’。
(2) I leave the readers of these things to their own reflections.
“owe”通常有一個(gè)間接賓語(yǔ)，或者帶“to”，下列句子中，兩種情況并存：
Such dutie as the subiect owes the Prince，Euen such a woman oweth to her husband.
但是，從這個(gè)意義上來(lái)說(shuō)，要求使用“to”，即“表示感激，擁有，收到來(lái)自人的某事物”時(shí)，需要使用“to”：
(1) we owe the discovery of the prismatic spectrum to Sir Isaac Newton.
(2) she owed it to him that she had turned to the Alps.
(3) he owed to the spirit of the old town also that power of receiving lasting impressions…
還有一個(gè)類似的句子：
they owed it go Denys to wipe out the memory of the past;
對(duì)比下列句子：
It was owing to him to do him so much justice.
一定數(shù)量的動(dòng)詞，主要是拉丁語(yǔ)源的動(dòng)詞，從其含義上來(lái)說(shuō)，可以預(yù)期它們可以帶一個(gè)間接賓語(yǔ)，幾乎總是與“to”結(jié)合，例如：ascribe，allot，assign，attribute，cede，dedicate，describe，discover，distribute，explain，formulate，hint，impute，introduce，lease，mention，picture，point out，preach，propose，recommend，reveal，refer，relate，speak，state，suggest。
4.兩個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)。
4.1 雙直接賓語(yǔ)現(xiàn)象的引出。
對(duì)比以下組合：
(1) strike him. strike a heavy blow. => strike him a heavy blow.
(2) I envy you. I envy your beauty. => I envy you your beauty.
(3) hear me. hear one word. => hear me one word.
(4) answer me. answer this question. => answer me this question.
(5) ask John. ask a question. =>ask John a few questions.
(6) take the boy (out). take a long walk. => take the boy a long walk.
在古英語(yǔ)中，ascian有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，或者是“與格+賓格”，或者“賓格(人稱)+屬格”；forgifan有“與格+賓格”.但是，我們?cè)谶@兒面對(duì)的問(wèn)題是，應(yīng)該如何分析現(xiàn)代結(jié)構(gòu)。
符號(hào)“=>”左邊的句子，只有一個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)(其中，有些是輔助賓語(yǔ))：我們是否可以說(shuō)符號(hào)“=>”右邊的句子有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)并且都稱為直接賓語(yǔ)？事實(shí)上，某些句子確實(shí)是這樣，至少，與間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)這樣的組合類似，和那些句子一樣，人稱放在前面；然而，如果我們應(yīng)用前面的判斷間接賓語(yǔ)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)到這兒，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，情況有點(diǎn)不同，這兒不能用“to短語(yǔ)”，這兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)中的每一個(gè)都可以單獨(dú)成句，互相之間沒(méi)有依賴性。當(dāng)然，也可以說(shuō)第一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)是直接賓語(yǔ)，第二個(gè)賓語(yǔ)是次修飾語(yǔ)(“行為”或者“程度”的修飾語(yǔ))；但是，在某些組合中，這種分析顯得不自然，對(duì)于符號(hào)“=>”左右的句子，并沒(méi)有作出公正的判定。
4.2 雙直接賓語(yǔ)現(xiàn)象的典故和類似結(jié)構(gòu)。
(1) he struck my ravisher such as blow.
(2) he struck the table a heavy blow with his right hand.
(3) the mule caught the camel two kicks in the ribs.
(4) don’t catch that rude fellow one in the eye.
(5) I hit my face such a rap by calling the coach to stop.
(6) Jimmy longed to hit the man a swipe.
(7) I drank…nor envy’d them the grape Whose heads that turbulent liquor fills with fumes.
(8) I cannot envy you your situation.
(9) the poor worm who envies us His love.
(10) Heare me one(a) word.
(11) have the goodness to heare me my third act.
(12) Maria was hearing them their Catechism.
(13) take those fourteen little boys and hear them some reading.
(14) he hears his children their lesssons.
(15) she suffered him all the decent freedoms he could wish to take.
(16) suffer me one more word.
(17) Answere me one thing.
(18) Come，answer me this at your leisure.
(19) Let me ask my sister pardon.
(20) to take her out a walk. the carriage went for Jos to the Club，and took him an airing.
(21) John took me a new walk across the common.
(22) I shall never forget the drive he took me.
(23) And forgiue vs our debts，as we forgiue our debters.
(24) O forgiue me my sinnes.
(25) I doe entreat Thou pardon me my wrongs.
4.3 動(dòng)詞understand,led雙賓語(yǔ)現(xiàn)象分析。
因?yàn)?，從句可以有一個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)，因此，我們一定會(huì)說(shuō)，下面的句子有兩個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)：
(1) I understood you that it might be possible to buy it off.
(2) I understood him that you were at Oxford.
當(dāng)然，這是句子“understood you (him) to say”的簡(jiǎn)寫，分析有點(diǎn)不同：“you to say”是不定式連接賓語(yǔ)，而內(nèi)容從句成為了“say”的賓語(yǔ)。我們甚至有三個(gè)賓語(yǔ)：they bet each other vast sums that “Clasher” would do it in a canter.
“Lead one a dance”似乎與“take one a walk”并行存在；相應(yīng)的短語(yǔ)是“l(fā)ead him a dreary life”(Sterne 84頁(yè):“they led him a busy life on’t”；同樣出處19行有“what a dance he may be led.”還有，“he led his clerks a dire life”，“I led that boy a dog’s life”，將人稱作為間接賓語(yǔ)或許更好。
4.4 動(dòng)詞teach，call雙賓語(yǔ)現(xiàn)象分析。
“teach”可以看作是屬于雙直賓語(yǔ)的這類動(dòng)詞，因?yàn)?/b>，我們可以說(shuō)“he teaches boys only，not girls”，我們也可說(shuō)“he teaches French；”(這在邏輯上都講得通，可以獨(dú)立成句)，而在句子“he teaches the boys French”中，稱“the boys”是間接賓語(yǔ)顯得更加自然(所以，區(qū)分雙直賓語(yǔ)，并沒(méi)有一種死的規(guī)則，非此即彼，而是視句子含義，靈活應(yīng)用，可以這樣分析，也可以那樣分析，只要合情合理。)。
注意，使用“to短語(yǔ)”也是可以的：
(1) he has taught that long to our Dick…h(huán)as taught me two songs.
(2) the sort of woman who will teach it to him.
(3) all the grossest lies were taught to the doctors by the people.
同樣，“to”也可用于“pay”和“serve”.
“He called her names”也可以當(dāng)成是一個(gè)雙直賓語(yǔ)的恰當(dāng)例子，這種習(xí)慣用法，可能是由類似“he called her (a) slut”引起，句中，我們有一個(gè)“連接賓語(yǔ)”；對(duì)比下面的句子：
(1) calling her all the whores and hard names he could think of.
(2) by calling the poor girl all the damned jades and fools(and sometimes worse names)that she could think of.
4.5一些動(dòng)詞雙賓語(yǔ)不確定現(xiàn)象分析。
下面的句子，具有不確定性，分析成間接賓語(yǔ)或者雙賓語(yǔ)均可：
(1) kissing her mother good night.
(2) I think I must kiss you good-bye.
(3) he stooped to kiss her a welcome to the sweet twenties.
(4) he had patted Mac [a dog] good-bye.
對(duì)比同樣的結(jié)構(gòu)：
ready to smile us an adieu——句中，將us稱為間接賓語(yǔ)似乎更為自然。
he kissed her a hearty，unintelligible kiss—the first for twenty years——這兒，除了賓語(yǔ)“her”之外，我們還有一個(gè)“同源賓語(yǔ)”。
4.6動(dòng)詞dismiss雙賓語(yǔ)現(xiàn)象分析。
將動(dòng)詞dismiss的第二個(gè)名詞性實(shí)詞當(dāng)成次修飾語(yǔ)更好：
例如，“they dismiss them the society.” 注意，也可以說(shuō)成“dismiss them”，但不能說(shuō)成“dismiss the society”，在被動(dòng)式中，只有要稱可以作為主語(yǔ)，這個(gè)準(zhǔn)則也適用于動(dòng)詞“banish”：例如，“Are you content to banish me thy presence? ” 相似的結(jié)構(gòu)還有“to let someone blood”，例如，“our surgeon was oblig’d to let above thirty of them blood.”在這兒，原來(lái)是有一個(gè)與格；但是，在被動(dòng)式中，總是“he was let blood”，從來(lái)不會(huì)將“blood”作為主語(yǔ)。
再看另一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)“He painted the door a different colour from the wall”：這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)類似上面已經(jīng)提及過(guò)，與名詞性實(shí)詞的謂語(yǔ)關(guān)聯(lián)(“the door is another colour than the wall”)。
4.7雙直賓語(yǔ)現(xiàn)象總結(jié)。
通過(guò)以上的例句和分析，我們已經(jīng)知道，盡管存在多種令人疑惑的分析雙直賓語(yǔ)現(xiàn)象的方式，也就是說(shuō)，有的分析方法認(rèn)為不是雙直賓語(yǔ)，有的方法又認(rèn)為是雙直賓語(yǔ)。但是，承認(rèn)雙直賓語(yǔ)這種結(jié)構(gòu)是一種文法分類還是有必要的。例如，區(qū)分下列句子的情況：
they made him President:一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)(由一個(gè)主語(yǔ)部分和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)部分組成的連接式)
they gave him a blow:兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，間接賓語(yǔ)和直接賓語(yǔ)。
they hit him a blow:兩個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)。
they hit him another way:直接賓語(yǔ)和次修飾成分。
5. 雙賓語(yǔ)現(xiàn)象總結(jié)。
Otto Jespersen通過(guò)列舉歷史文獻(xiàn)中應(yīng)用雙賓語(yǔ)的句子(由于例句距離現(xiàn)在有一定的時(shí)間間隔，讀上來(lái)有點(diǎn)生硬)，對(duì)雙賓語(yǔ)現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行了描述性的分析。但是，并沒(méi)有給什么判斷。這可能就是語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象的特點(diǎn)：具有一定的規(guī)則，但是在某些方面又有違背這種規(guī)則的特例，所謂，存在即合理。總結(jié)起來(lái)，大致可以歸為幾點(diǎn)：
(1) 雙賓語(yǔ)現(xiàn)象是確定存在的，分為兩種結(jié)構(gòu)：一個(gè)間接賓語(yǔ)+一個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)；兩個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)。
(2) 判斷兩個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)的一般方法：將兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)分開(kāi)組成句子，如果從意義上行得通，那么可以把它們兩個(gè)當(dāng)成直接賓語(yǔ)，否則一個(gè)是直接賓語(yǔ)，一個(gè)是間接賓語(yǔ)。
(3) 對(duì)于兩個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)的判定，似乎不能武斷地認(rèn)為就是兩個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)，也可以分析為一個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)+一個(gè)次級(jí)修飾語(yǔ)，有些語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象，沒(méi)有唯一答案，也沒(méi)有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案，分析合理即可。
(4) 關(guān)于雙賓語(yǔ)的位置問(wèn)題，也沒(méi)有固定的順序，大部分是間接賓語(yǔ)在前，直接賓語(yǔ)在后，但是，由于弱讀關(guān)系，習(xí)慣性用法，文法關(guān)系等原因，間接賓語(yǔ)和直接賓語(yǔ)的位置，并非固定不變。
(5) 動(dòng)詞ask和teach后接兩個(gè)直接賓語(yǔ)，是從語(yǔ)義理解判定，還有的用法，可能是ask和teach的類似用法錯(cuò)誤地?cái)U(kuò)展開(kāi)來(lái)，形成語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣，這就是違背規(guī)則的情況，需要特別注意。對(duì)于語(yǔ)言，似乎正是處處是規(guī)則，又處處又違背規(guī)則的現(xiàn)象。
來(lái)源：<<A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles >> Otto Jespersen
