

1. Distinct Transcriptomic Signatures of Myeloid Cell Aggregates in CS
Fig 1A: CS, GCM, 和 lymphocytic myocarditis 形態(tài)特征類似,存在大量髓系細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn)。(Granulomatous inflammation composed of epithelioid histiocytes and scattered multinucleated giant cells are present in CS and GCM, while a mixed lymphohistiocytic inflammation in an interstitial pattern is commonly found in lymphocytic myocarditis)
Fig 1B: 為了探究這些疾病中髓系細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)錄差異,作者整合了三種疾病的DSP數(shù)據(jù)中的CD68+巨噬細(xì)胞。
Fig 1C-E: 結(jié)果顯示和另外兩種疾病相比,CS的巨噬存在不同的轉(zhuǎn)錄特征。和GCM相比,CS巨噬存在3044個(gè)上調(diào)基因,和LM相比,CS巨噬存在1496個(gè)上調(diào)基因。其中有1280個(gè)基因和兩種疾病相比都上調(diào)。
Fig 1F-H: 這些共有上調(diào)基因主要與單核巨噬細(xì)胞分化 (CHIT-1, CHI3L-1, RUNX1 and GPNMB), 抗原呈遞 (HLA-DRA and HLA-DRB1), ECM降解 (MMP9), 溶酶體 (LAMP2), 和炎癥 (LYZ, CCR5, CCL5, CXCL9, FKBP5, and STAT1)相關(guān)。富集分析結(jié)果顯示存在Inflammatory, lysosome, JAK-STAT 和 Toll-like receptor signaling pathways的富集。
In summary, these data showed that myeloid cells in CS exhibit a distinct transcriptomic profile compared with those in GCM and lymphocytic myocarditis.

2. Cellular and Transcriptomic Landscape of Inflammation in CS
Fig 2A-D: 隨后作者對(duì)4例CS樣本進(jìn)行了單核細(xì)胞測(cè)序,得到12個(gè)細(xì)胞群。對(duì)髓系細(xì)胞的二次聚類得到6個(gè)群。
Fig 2E-F: 軌跡分析提示組織原位巨噬細(xì)胞Mac_Res和第四群Mac_GPNMB的Entropy最低,pseudotime最高,提示這兩群代表著most differentiated cell states。(嗯...不是特別有說服力)
Fig 2G: 在鑒別了亞群之后,使用免疫熒光染色鑒定了空間關(guān)系。結(jié)果顯示GPNMB主要存在于multinucleated giant cells,提示Mac_GPNMB 代表多核巨細(xì)胞。HLA-DR染色存在于緊密包繞在多核巨細(xì)胞邊緣epithelioid macrophages。SYTL3 和 CD163 染色顯示其分散存在于肉芽腫中多核巨細(xì)胞間。CD1c樹突和 CD16a 非經(jīng)典單核則存在于肉芽腫周圍。這個(gè)模式在所有患者樣本中都被觀測(cè)到(n=14)。
Together, these data highlight the complex heterogeneity and spatial distribution of myeloid cell populations in CS. Moreover, we have identified GPNMB as a molecular marker for multinucleated giant cells in CS.

3. Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Pathway Activation and Macrophage Proliferation in CS
Fig2e, f中提到Mac_Res和Mac_GPNMB代表著most differentiated cell states,所以這一部分作者首先對(duì)Mac_Res進(jìn)行了進(jìn)一步分析。
Fig 3A-C: 和其他髓系細(xì)胞相比,Mac_Res存在621個(gè)上調(diào)基因,主要參與免疫調(diào)節(jié)如mTOR信號(hào)通路。此前有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道m(xù)TOR信號(hào)通路參與肺淀粉樣變,但其機(jī)制不明確。
Fig 3D-E: p-S6 (phospho-S6 ribosomal protein)是mTOR信號(hào)通路活化的標(biāo)志,免疫染色提示不同患者存在異質(zhì)性的p-S6活化。此外,肉芽腫中p-S6活化與增長(zhǎng)基因Ki67的表達(dá)呈顯著正相關(guān)。
Fig 3F-G: 隨后作者在不同亞群中檢測(cè)了p-S6的表達(dá)情況,結(jié)果顯示Mac_HLA-DR 和 Mac_SYTL3 存在最高水平的 p-S6 染色, 而多核巨細(xì)胞 (Mac_GPNMB) 存在 minimal p-S6 染色,而組織原位巨噬的p-S6也較低。
Taken together, these results suggest that the cardiac sarcoid granuloma is comprised of diverse myeloid cell types arranged in a stereotypic pattern. Moreover, our findings raise the possibility that mTOR activation may regulate expansion of specific macrophage subsets including Mac_HLA-DR and Mac_SYTL3 subclusters. (這個(gè)fig說了啥?感覺啥也沒說啊)

4. Multinucleated Giant Cells Display a Specific Transcriptional Regulatory Network
Fig 4A-B: 為了進(jìn)一步明確Mac_HLA-DR, Mac_SYTL3, Mac_GPNMB, DC_CD1C, 和 mono_ FCGR3A 與 Mac_res 相比的功能,作者進(jìn)行了差異和富集分析。(哈哈哈 沒有對(duì)照sample就拿Mac_res當(dāng)對(duì)照,怪不得前一個(gè)fig先看了Mac_res)結(jié)果顯示Mac_GPNMB特異性富集到lysosomal 和 PPAR通路。
Fig 4C-D: 隨后作者做了SCENIC分析,ARID5B、NRIH3、MITF和TFEC regulons在Mac_GPNMB中特異性富集。
Fig 4E: 轉(zhuǎn)錄因子調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)提示Mac_GPNMB中這些TF參與調(diào)控了很多基因,包括GPNMB, SNTB1(beta-1-syntrophin), TPRG1 (tumor protein P63 regulated 1), FBP1 (fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1)。
Fig 4F: 此外,DSP數(shù)據(jù)中,和GCM和MP巨噬相比,CS巨噬特異性高表達(dá)的基因,有很多是Mac_GPNMB中特異性表達(dá)的。

5. Mac_GPNMB Subcluster Is Specifically Identified in CS 為了探究
Mac_GPNMB是否是CS特有,作者從公共數(shù)據(jù)中找了ICM(缺血性心臟?。?,NICM和對(duì)照的心臟數(shù)據(jù),使用CS的髓系細(xì)胞注釋結(jié)果進(jìn)行了映射。結(jié)果顯示Mac_GPNMB幾乎只存在于CS心臟。
These data support the conclusion that the Mac_GPNMB cluster is specific to CS. GPNMB and HLA-DR immunostaining distinguish CS from other forms of myocarditis.

We identified a specific staining pattern for CS granulomas: GPNMB+ multinucleated giant cells cuffed by HLA-DR positive epithelioid histiocytes(Figure 2G).
隨后作者想要去探究這種特征區(qū)別不同心臟疾病的clinical utility,結(jié)果顯示只有CS存在這種特征。
These data highlight a distinct organization of GPNMB+ and HLA-DR+ macrophages in CS (Figure 6F), which may provide diagnostic utility in differentiating CS from other forms of myocarditis including GCM.
Mac_GPNMB是巨細(xì)胞,這些疾病里頭本身也就CS和GCM有巨細(xì)胞,其他病都沒有,只看有沒有巨細(xì)胞不久能區(qū)分嗎,何必這么麻煩要染色呢?

