How bad are e-cigarettes for you?
電子煙對人有多糟？
The regulators at America's Food and Drug Administration could be forgiven for wanting a cigarette break. They rushed to meet a September 9th deadline to decide whether more than 6.5m e-cigarette products made by over 500 companies can remain on the market. When the deadline arrived, the agency had made determinations covering about 93% of the products submitted for review. It will block the sale of more than 946,000 flavoured products.
美國食品和藥物管理局（FDA）的監(jiān)管人員要是想休息一下，抽根煙，那也情有可原。他們要趕在 9 月 9 號這個(gè)最后期限來做出決定：是否要讓 500 多家公司生產(chǎn)的 650 多萬電子煙產(chǎn)品繼續(xù)留在市場上。當(dāng)這個(gè)最后期限到來時(shí)，F(xiàn)DA 已經(jīng)對大約 93% 提交審查申請的產(chǎn)品做出了決定，將阻礙超過 946,000 種調(diào)味電子煙產(chǎn)品的銷售。
E-cigarettes have attracted keen government attention in recent years. In 2019 America's surgeon-general called vaping an epidemic among young people, criticising in particular products with "kid-friendly" flavours, such as cinnamon and vanilla. Later that year more than 450 people in America suffered from a mysterious and severe lung illness that was linked to vaping.
近年來，電子煙受到了政府的密切關(guān)注。2019 年，美國公共衛(wèi)生局局長稱吸電子煙是年輕人群中的流行性疾病，尤其指責(zé)帶有“兒童友好”口味的產(chǎn)品，例如肉桂味和香草味的（電子煙）。同年晚些時(shí)候，美國有超過 450 人患上一種詭異且嚴(yán)重的肺炎。這種肺炎和吸電子煙有關(guān)。
Other countries, including Brazil, India and Singapore, have already banned e-cigarettes. So what goes into them, and how bad are they really?
其他國家，包括巴西，印度和新加坡，都已經(jīng)禁止電子煙了。所以電子煙里都有什么？它們究竟有多糟？
The devices use an electric charge to vaporise a dose of nicotine (accompanied, often, by various flavouring chemicals). Nitrosamines, a carcinogenic family of chemicals, have been found in e-cigarette vapour, albeit at levels low enough to be deemed insignificant.*** Metallic particles from the device's heating element, such as nickel and cadmium, are also a concern. High exposure to these can increase the risk of cancer.
電子煙通過電荷來汽化一劑尼古?。ㄍǔ＿€伴著各種各樣的調(diào)味化學(xué)品）。電子煙的蒸汽中發(fā)現(xiàn)了亞硝胺，這是一種致癌類的化學(xué)品，盡管含量低得被視為微不足道。電子煙加熱元件中的金屬顆粒，例如鎳和鎘，也令人擔(dān)憂。大量接觸這些物質(zhì)會增加患癌的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
It also contains free radicals, highly oxidising substances that can damage tissue or DNA, and which are thought to come mostly from flavourings. Then there is nicotine. Besides being addictive, it is known to have an adverse affect all around the body. Work in animals suggests that exposure to nicotine at an early age could make users more susceptible to other addictive substances later in life.
電子煙也含有自由基。自由基是具有高度氧化性的物質(zhì)，它可以破壞人體組織或者損傷 DNA。據(jù)說電子煙里的自由基大部分來自調(diào)味化學(xué)品。另外，電子煙里還有尼古丁。尼古丁除了具有成癮性之外，它還以對全身器官都有不利影響而出名。針對動物的研究顯示，早年接觸尼古丁的使用者在以后的生活中會更容易受到其他成癮性物質(zhì)的影響。
主編：Raven、菜菜
品控：Raven
審核：Mia
重點(diǎn)詞匯
block
/blɑ?k/
v. 阻礙，妨礙；堵塞
例句：The road was blocked by cars.（堵塞）
例句：He stood up and blocked my exit.（阻礙）
英文釋義：to prevent something from happening, developing or making progress
搭配短語：to block a proposal
搭配短語：to block a rule
flavoured
/?fle?.v?d/
adj. 調(diào)味的，有特殊口味的
相關(guān)詞匯：flavour（n. 口味，風(fēng)味）
搭配短語：a flavoured drink
vaping
/?ve?.p??/
n. 吸電子煙
相關(guān)詞匯：vape（v. 吸電子煙）
相關(guān)詞匯：vapour（n. 蒸汽，霧氣）
epidemic
/?ep.??dem.?k/
n. 流行病，傳染病的流行
詞義辨析：epidemic，pandemic
兩個(gè)詞都有流行病的意思。epidemic 一般指在社區(qū)群體中傳播的疾病，傳播范圍較小，而 pandemic 指的是全球范圍內(nèi)廣泛流行的疾病。例如新冠疫情就屬于 pandemic。
suffer
/?s?f.?/
v. 患病；受折磨
搭配短語：suffer from（一般搭配疾病名稱）
搭配短語：to suffer from headache
搭配短語：suffer sth.（一般表示經(jīng)受不愉快的事情）
搭配短語：to suffer loss / punishment
charge
/t?ɑ?rd?/
n. 電荷，儲電量
英文釋義：the amount of electricity that an electrical device stores
搭配短語：on charge
例句：My phone is on charge.
vaporise
/?ve?.p?.a?z/
v. 使蒸汽化，使蒸發(fā)
相關(guān)詞匯：vapour（n. 蒸汽，霧氣）
詞根詞綴：-ise（常見的動詞后綴）
相關(guān)詞匯：memorise（v. 記憶）
相關(guān)詞匯：authorise（v. 批準(zhǔn)）
相關(guān)詞匯：criticise（v. 批評）
carcinogenic
/?kɑ?r.s?n.o??d?en.?k/
adj. 致癌的
相關(guān)詞匯：carcinogen（n. 致癌物質(zhì)）
例句：America classified environmental tobacco smoke as class one carcinogen.
albeit
/ɑ?l?bi?.?t/
conj. 盡管，雖然
近義詞：though（conj. 雖然）
近義短語：in spite of
例句：The evening was very pleasant, albeit a little quiet.
deem
/di?m/
v. 認(rèn)為，覺得
搭配短語：deem it + adj.
例句：We will help whenever you deem it appropriate.
搭配短語：be deemed ...
例句：The story was deemed too controversial.
insignificant
/??n.s?ɡ?n?f.?.k?nt/
adj. 不重要的
詞根詞綴：in-（表示否定）
相關(guān)詞匯：inaccurate（adj. 不準(zhǔn)確的）
相關(guān)詞匯：incorrect（adj. 不正確的）
反義詞：significant（adj. 重要的）
exposure
/?k?spo?.??/
n. 接觸，遭受
搭配短語：exposure to sth.
例句：A brief exposure to radiation could be very dangerous.
oxidise
/?ɑ?k.s?.da?z/
v. 使氧化
相關(guān)詞匯：oxygen（n. 氧氣）
相關(guān)詞匯：oxidised（adj. 被氧化的）
搭配短語：an oxidised apple
tissue
/?t??.u?/ /?t?s.ju?/
n.（動物或植物細(xì)胞的）組織
搭配短語：fat tissue
addictive
/??d?k.t?v/
adj. 使人上癮的
相關(guān)詞匯：addict（n. 對有害之物上癮的人）
搭配短語：a drug addict
搭配短語：a shopping addict
相關(guān)詞匯：addicted（adj. 上癮的）
搭配短語：be addicted to
例句：They are addicted to watching TV.
adverse
/?d?v??s/
adj. 不利的
近義詞：harmful
susceptible to
易受影響的
相關(guān)詞匯：susceptible（adj. 易受影響的）
英文釋義：very likely to be influenced or harmed by sb. or sth.
例句：I think most people are more susceptible to prejudice than to reason.（引自美國著名電影評論家 Roger Ebert）
