體系架構（Enterprise Architecture, EA）的開山之作，之前一直引用，從來沒有系統(tǒng)的學習，通過翻譯加深理解，與感興趣的朋友一起學習探討。上會開了個頭，提到了Bubble charts，本期依次是設計圖、設計方案、施工方案、分包方案，最后到一棟樓。翻譯中自己理解的東西加的比較多，不對的地方大家多多指正。
設計方案。設計方案是將業(yè)主的關注和需求轉化成產品（解決方案）。不同于設計圖中對業(yè)主需求的描述，設計方案是設計者對最終產品的描述，設計方案需要對最終產品組成的規(guī)格參數進行說明。
Architect’s?plans.The architect’s plans are the translation of the owner’s perceptions/requirementsinto a product. The plans are a designer’s representation of the final product(as opposed to an owner’s representation, which is embodied in the drawings).The designer’s representation (plans) puts an explicit specification around thematerial composition of the final product.
（建筑行業(yè)）設計方案一般由16類細化內容組成，包括現場工作、電氣系統(tǒng)、磚石、木結構等。它們描述了涉及到的材料清單，以及以圖表形式描述的材料間關系。這些方案是建筑架構師準備的最終交付成果，最終也成為建成結構的權威“檔案”。
The plans are composed of 16 categories of detailed representations, includingsite-work, electrical system, masonry, wood structure, etc. They describematerial relationships in the form of diagrams (drawings) as well asbills-of-materials. These plans are the final deliverables prepared by thearchitect and ultimately become the official “record” of the finishedstructure.
設計方案將作為與承建商談判的基礎。業(yè)主把設計方案交給承建商，詢問：“能否提供方案中涉及內容？”如果承建商響應了方案中的“內容”，那么業(yè)主就可以清楚，按照設計圖紙的效果，是可以對應匹配到相關的產品。
The architect’s plans are prepared to serve as a basis for negotiation with ageneral contractor. The owner takes the plans to a contractor and says,“Build me one of these.” If the contractor builds “one of these,” which isrepresented in the architect’s plans, the owner knows that there is a highprobability of getting the desired product, as depicted in the architect’sdrawings.
通過業(yè)主和承建商之間的談判，考慮到成本/價格等因素，這些設計方案可能會被修改，最終通過方案確定將要建造的內容。
Asa result of the negotiations between the owner and general contractor, theplans may be modified because of cost/price and other considerations, but theyfinally serve to represent what is committed to construction.
施工方案。在這一階段，承建商以建設者的觀點“重構”設計方案，形成施工方案。制定施工計劃，因為復雜的工程產品通常建設周期較長，而且需要分階段推進。以建一棟樓為例，首先要做選址工作，其次是基礎工程、然后是建第一層，……，直到最后完工。此外，承建商可能受到一些技術限制。無論是工程技術還是工程方法的限制，都會影響承建商精準完成前道的設計。在這種情況下，承建商必須提供一種既可以落地實施、又能滿足設計要求的合理方案。工程技術和方法的限制，以及施工順序造成的限制等，應該體現在施工方案中，以便指導實際的建設工作。
Contractor’s?plans. Atthis point, the contractor redraws the architect’s plans to produce thecontractor’s plans representing the builder’s perspective. Such plans areprepared because complex engineering products are not normally built in a day.Some phased approach is required which, in the case of a building, may comprisefirst some site work; next the foundation; then the first floor, and so on,until the building is completed. Furthermore, the contractor may havetechnology constraints. Either the tool technology or the process technologymay constrain his ability to produce precisely what the architect has designed.In either case, the contractor will have to design a reasonable facsimile whichcan be produced and yet satisfies the requirements. These technologyconstraints, plus the natural constraints requiring phased construction, arereflected in the contractor’s plans, which serve to direct the actualconstruction activity.
分包方案。是指分包商視角提供的關于最終產品（部分內容）的方案，包括一些需要外部提供和采購的產品或解決方案，它們往往會被組裝或集成到整體工程中。設計圖、設計方案、施工方案在設計背景上是一致的（in-context），因為業(yè)主、建筑架構師、承建商都會關注整個結構，而分包商關注的是局部結構，因此，分包方案是設計背景與前面的產出物（方案）有所區(qū)別（out-of-
context）。分包方案同時也為各類部件集成到總體工程提供模式指導。
Shop?plans. Otherrepresentations, short of the final structure itself, are prepared bysubcontractors. These representations are called shop plans and are drawings ofparts or subsections which are an out-of- context specification of whatactually will be fabricated or assembled. The drawings, architect’s plans, andcontractor’s plans are in-context because the owner, architect, and contractorare all concerned with the entirety of the structure, whereas thesub-contractors’ representations are concerned with components or parts of thetotal structure. These shop plans might even serve as patterns for a quantityof identical parts to be fabricated for the project.
一棟樓。最終的產出物就是實實在在的一棟樓了。
The?building. Inthe case of producing a building, the final representation is the physicalbuilding itself.
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