Geometric Brownian motion
Ornsten-Uhlenbeck process
我們可以這樣理解:OU process分成兩部分,第一部分(dt)的叫mean reversion,顧名思義就是過(guò)程在mean周邊徘徊,diffusion(dWt)部分,就是最基本的布朗運(yùn)動(dòng)。
CIR模型認(rèn)為,利率圍繞一個(gè)平均值波動(dòng),如果利率偏離了平均值,它總是要回到平均值的。利率回到平均值的時(shí)間由模型中的調(diào)整速度描述。如果調(diào)整速度接近于1,利率將很快回到平均值。用△r表示利率的變化,r表示現(xiàn)行短期利率,R表示平均利率,a表示r的調(diào)整速度,δ表示期望值為0的誤差項(xiàng),可以得到基本的單因素模型公式如下:

| xxx | 定義 |
|---|---|
| r(t) | 表示現(xiàn)行短期利率 |
| R | 表示平均利率 |
| - | represents the long run mean of the short-term interest rate |
| κ | 表示r的調(diào)整速度 |
| - | represents the speed of adjustment (or mean reversion) |
| δ | 表示期望值為0的誤差項(xiàng) |
| - | represents the long run mean of the short-term interest rate |
| dZt | a small random increment in the Wiener process zt having mean 0 and variance dt. |
我們舉個(gè)例子:
κ=0.1, rˉ=0.03, σ=0.05, r(0)=0.01, all the parameters are annualized.
許多教科書都指出,當(dāng)采樣上述CIR過(guò)程時(shí),避免負(fù)值的一種方法是 翻轉(zhuǎn)隨機(jī)正態(tài)隨機(jī)數(shù)flip the sign of the random normal random number 的符號(hào),如果它會(huì)在下一個(gè)模擬步驟中導(dǎo)致負(fù)r值。這使得r(t)= 0是一個(gè)反射邊界。
Under this model, both the drift and the volatility change with the level of the short rate. The stochastic term has a standard deviation proportional to the square root of the current short rate. This implies that as the short rate increases, its standard deviation increases. As mentioned earlier this also means that the short rate under the CIR model will be strictly non-negative. As the short rate falls and approaches zero, the diffusion term (which contains the square root of the short rate) also approaches zero. In this case, the mean-reverting drift term dominates the diffusion term and pulls the short rate back towards its long-run mean. This prevents the short rate from falling below zero.
在這個(gè)模型下,the drift and the volatility 隨著短期利率的變化而變化。
隨機(jī)項(xiàng)具有與當(dāng)前短期利率的平方根成比例的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差。
這意味著隨著短期利率的上漲,其標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差增加。
如前所述,這也意味著CIR模型下的短期利率將嚴(yán)格為非負(fù)。
隨著短期利率下降并趨于零,擴(kuò)散期(包含短期利率的平方根)也接近零。在這種情況下,均值回復(fù)drift項(xiàng) dominates the diffusion term,并將短期收益率拉回長(zhǎng)期均值。這可以防止短期利率跌破零。
The standard deviation factor, σ √ rt avoids the possibility of negative interest rates for all positive values of κ and R . An interest rate of zero is also precluded if the condition

The Riccati Equation in Mathematical Finance
我這里想找出一個(gè)關(guān)于時(shí)間t的analytical expression of E[r(t)]
CIR 模型是一個(gè)取值非負(fù)的隨機(jī)過(guò)程,0是它的反射邊界。
因?yàn)?,如果我們假設(shè)了 K >0 和 Xt 的長(zhǎng)期均值是 a > 0 ,當(dāng)