《認(rèn)知天性》這本書(shū)中提到學(xué)習(xí)的三個(gè)關(guān)鍵步驟，是編碼、鞏固和檢索。但我覺(jué)得作者在書(shū)中提到的總結(jié)反思，建立心智模型也應(yīng)該納入學(xué)習(xí)的步驟中。
學(xué)習(xí)的第一個(gè)步驟是編碼。大腦會(huì)把你感知到的東西轉(zhuǎn)化為化學(xué)與生物電形式的變化，這些變化形成了一種心理表征，這個(gè)過(guò)程就叫做編碼。這種新表征稱(chēng)為記憶痕跡，是短期記憶。
把這類(lèi)心理表征強(qiáng)化為長(zhǎng)期記憶的過(guò)程，被人們稱(chēng)為鞏固。我覺(jué)得鞏固的過(guò)程不光是通過(guò)有間隔的反復(fù)檢索，其實(shí)總結(jié)反思和建立心智模型也應(yīng)該納入到鞏固的這個(gè)步驟里。作者提到了如何做學(xué)習(xí)后的鞏固反思，在完成一節(jié)課或一次閱讀作業(yè)后，可以問(wèn)自己課程的核心思想是什么？哪些是相關(guān)的例子，如何把這些內(nèi)容和自己聯(lián)系起來(lái)，在練習(xí)過(guò)新知識(shí)新技能后，可以問(wèn)自己，哪些是做得好的，哪些還可以做得更好?；蛘呦麓挝夷苡檬裁捶椒ㄒ垣@得更好的結(jié)果。經(jīng)過(guò)以上的反思后，知識(shí)將進(jìn)一步的鞏固在腦海里。
打造心智模型也是很重要而且很必要的一步。心智模型是被牢牢記住并且熟練應(yīng)用的技能或知識(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)。心智技能是通過(guò)知識(shí)不斷鞏固之后打造出來(lái)的一種能夠靈活應(yīng)變的能力。能夠在復(fù)雜多變的環(huán)境中游刃有余。
當(dāng)你的心智模型建立起來(lái)以后就具備了學(xué)習(xí)遷移的能力，它是在新環(huán)境下運(yùn)用所學(xué)的一種能力，這樣我們的學(xué)習(xí)目的就達(dá)到了。
In the book MAKE IT STICK, it is mentioned that the three key steps of learning are coding, consolidation and? retrieval. However, I think reflection and establishing the mental model are also necessary steps of learning.
The first step is coding. Your brain would transfer the information you get into biological electricity or chemical electricity, and then the mental representation would be formed in your mind. This process is called coding. But this representation in mind is only short-term memory.
Consolidation is the process to transfer this short-term momery into long-term memory. Our memory can be consolidated not only by interval retrieval, but also reflection and establishing the mental model. The author tells us how to do the reflection after learning. For example, after you finish a lesson, think about the key points of the lesson and relevant examples. How can you relate yourself to the knowledge you have learned? And after you have practised the new knowledge or skills, ask yourself what have you done well and what are the parts that you haven't done well in ? How can I do better next time? After the reflection, knowledge will be probably deeply embedded in your brain.
To establish the mental model is also an essential step and necessary step after learning. Mental model is the skills or knowledge structures that have been mastered and applied freely by yourself. Mental skills are the ability to apply the knowledge after it has been consolidated in your mind.
After you have established the mental models, you will definitely be able to apply the knowledge in any new circumstances freely. And that's our ultimate purpose of learning.
