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本文為一篇TED演講

作者：Eduardo Briceno

原文鏈接：http://www.ted.com/talks/eduardo_briceno_how_to_get_better_at_the_things_you_care_about

我們大多數(shù)人在生活中都希望每件事能做到最好。無論是工作、家庭、學(xué)?；蛘咂渌魏问?，都是如此。我也有同樣的想法。我盡了自己最大的努力。可不久前，我突然意識(shí)到，在我最在意的事情上，我并沒有多大長(zhǎng)進(jìn)。作為丈夫、朋友、同事和在職業(yè)技能上，我雖然花了很多時(shí)間并認(rèn)真對(duì)待，可仍不見進(jìn)展。此后，我關(guān)注我和別人的一些對(duì)話、還有一些研究，發(fā)現(xiàn)這種瓶頸，非常常見。

Most of us go through life trying to do our best at whatever we do,whether it's our job, family, school or anything else.I feel that way. I try my best.But some time ago, I came to a realization that I wasn't getting much better at the things I cared most about,whether it was being a husband or a friend or a professional or teammate,and I wasn't improving much at those things even though I was spending a lot of time working hard at them. I've since realized from conversations I've had and from research that this stagnation, despite hard work,turns out to be pretty common.

所以接下來我想和大家分享一下事情為何如此，還有我們可以怎么做。我了解到，那些最高效的人和團(tuán)隊(duì)在任何領(lǐng)域做得事情我們都可以模仿。他們?cè)谏钪锌桃馇袚Q于兩個(gè)區(qū)域中：學(xué)習(xí)區(qū)和表現(xiàn)區(qū)。

So I'd like to share with you some insights into why that is and what we can all do about it.What I've learned is that the most effective people and teams in any domain do something we can all emulate.They go through life deliberately alternating between two zones:the learning zone and the performance zone.

學(xué)習(xí)區(qū)，我們的目標(biāo)是進(jìn)步，我們所做的事情就是為了取得進(jìn)步，重點(diǎn)放在我們還沒有掌握的事情上。這就意味著我們?nèi)萑体e(cuò)誤，因?yàn)槲覀兛梢詮闹袑W(xué)習(xí)。這和我們?cè)诒憩F(xiàn)區(qū)所做的事情區(qū)別很大。在表現(xiàn)區(qū)，我們的目標(biāo)是把一件事做到我們力所能及的地步，去執(zhí)行一些任務(wù)。我們的焦點(diǎn)在我們已經(jīng)掌握的東西上，并努力減少錯(cuò)誤。

The learning zone is when our goal is to improve.Then we do activities designed for improvement,concentrating on what we haven't mastered yet,which means we have to expect to make mistakes,knowing that we will learn from them.That is very different from what we do when we're in our performance zone,which is when our goal is to do something as best as we can, to execute.Then we concentrate on what we have already mastered and we try to minimize mistakes.

這兩個(gè)區(qū)域都是我們生活的一部分，但需根據(jù)目標(biāo)、重點(diǎn)和期望的不同（到底是為了工作還是為了進(jìn)步），清晰明白的知道我們?cè)撛谀膫€(gè)區(qū)域。表現(xiàn)區(qū)重點(diǎn)在于當(dāng)時(shí)的表現(xiàn)，而學(xué)習(xí)區(qū)重點(diǎn)在于我們的成長(zhǎng)和未來的表現(xiàn)。我們很多人非常努力但卻沒有進(jìn)步的原因就是，我們往往把我們的時(shí)間放在表現(xiàn)區(qū)。這阻礙了我們的成長(zhǎng)。并且諷刺的是，長(zhǎng)此下去，還會(huì)影響我們的工作表現(xiàn)。

Both of these zones should be part of our lives,but being clear about when we want to be in each of them,with what goal, focus and expectations,helps us better perform and better improve.The performance zone maximizes our immediate performance,while the learning zone maximizes our growth and our future performance.The reason many of us don't improve much despite our hard work is that we tend to spend almost all of our time in the performance zone.This hinders our growth,and ironically, over the long term, also our performance.

那么，學(xué)習(xí)區(qū)是怎樣的狀態(tài)？有個(gè)人叫德摩斯梯尼（Demosthenes），古希臘政治領(lǐng)袖、偉大的演講家和律師。為了追求卓越，他并沒有把所有時(shí)間放在演講家和律師的工作上（這是他的工作區(qū)）；相反，他做了很多提高自己的事情。自然，他學(xué)習(xí)了很多，在導(dǎo)師的指導(dǎo)下學(xué)習(xí)律法和哲學(xué)。但是他也知道，要成為一個(gè)律師就要說服別人，所以他還學(xué)習(xí)演講和表演。他有個(gè)很奇怪的習(xí)慣，就是會(huì)不自覺的聳肩；為了克服這點(diǎn)，他在鏡子前練習(xí)演講，還在肩上懸一把劍，他一抬起自己的肩膀就會(huì)很痛。

So what does the learning zone look like?Take Demosthenes, a political leader and the greatest orator and lawyer in ancient Greece.To become great, he didn't spend all his time just being an orator or a lawyer,which would be his performance zone.But instead, he did activities designed for improvement.Of course, he studied a lot.He studied law and philosophy with guidance from mentors,but he also realized that being a lawyer involved persuading other people,so he also studied great speeches and acting.To get rid of an odd habit he had of involuntarily lifting his shoulder,he practiced his speeches in front of a mirror,and he suspended a sword from the ceiling so that if he raised his shoulder,it would hurt.

他口齒不清，但為了讓自己說話更清晰，他在嘴里含著石頭進(jìn)行演講。他建了個(gè)地下室，在那里練習(xí)可以不受打擾，也不會(huì)打擾其他人。因?yàn)榉ㄍズ茑须s，他還在大海邊練習(xí)，讓自己的聲音蓋過海浪的咆哮聲。

To speak more clearly despite a lisp,he went through his speeches with stones in his mouth.He built an underground room where he could practice without interruptions and not disturb other people.And since courts at the time were very noisy,he also practiced by the ocean,projecting his voice above the roar of the waves.

德摩斯梯尼在學(xué)習(xí)區(qū)的表現(xiàn)和他在法庭上即其表現(xiàn)區(qū)的表現(xiàn)非常不同。在其學(xué)習(xí)區(qū)，在做到了安德斯·埃里克森博士（Dr. Anders Ericsson）所說的刻意練習(xí)。即把一項(xiàng)技能分解成不同模塊的下層技能，清晰地知道我們正在努力提高哪一部分：比如努力保持不聳肩；在我們的舒適區(qū)外進(jìn)行高難度的挑戰(zhàn)，但只能比我們能做的難一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)；經(jīng)常收集別人的建議，反復(fù)練習(xí)并作出調(diào)整；積極接受教練的指導(dǎo)，因?yàn)闉檫M(jìn)步而訓(xùn)練的項(xiàng)目都是非常專業(yè)的，而優(yōu)秀的老師和教練知道這些訓(xùn)練項(xiàng)目是什么，并能進(jìn)行專業(yè)的指導(dǎo)。

His activities in the learning zone were very different from his activities in court,his performance zone. In the learning zone, he did what Dr. Anders Ericsson calls deliberate practice.This involves breaking down abilities into component skills, being clear about what subskill we're working to improve,like keeping our shoulders down,giving full concentration to a high level of challenge outside our comfort zone,just beyond what we can currently do,using frequent feedback with repetition and adjustments,and ideally engaging the guidance of a skilled coach,because activities designed for improvement are domain-specific,and great teachers and coaches know what those activities are and can also give us expert feedback.

只有在學(xué)習(xí)區(qū)的這種練習(xí)才會(huì)讓人取得巨大進(jìn)步，而不能僅花時(shí)間在完成任務(wù)上。例如，研究表明在一個(gè)崗位上工作幾年后，一個(gè)人的能力會(huì)停滯不前。這在教師、一般醫(yī)學(xué)、護(hù)理和一些其他行業(yè)都得到證實(shí)。之所以會(huì)這樣是因?yàn)橐坏┪覀冋J(rèn)為自己能較好的勝任工作，我們就會(huì)停止在學(xué)習(xí)區(qū)花時(shí)間。我們會(huì)將全部的時(shí)間都用來完成工作，而這并不能讓我們卻進(jìn)步。

It is this type of practice in the learning zone which leads to substantial improvement, not just time on task performing. For example, research shows that after the first couple of years working in a profession, performance usually plateaus.This has been shown to be true in teaching, general medicine, nursing and other fields,and it happens because once we think we have become good enough, adequate, then we stop spending time in the learning zone. We focus all our time on just doing our job, performing, which turns out not to be a great way to improve.

但堅(jiān)持在學(xué)習(xí)區(qū)花時(shí)間的人會(huì)持續(xù)進(jìn)步。一流的銷售員每周至少一次練習(xí)提高自己：讀書增長(zhǎng)見聞、向同事或行業(yè)專家請(qǐng)教、嘗試新的策略、尋求反饋并反思。一流的象棋手不僅花很多時(shí)間在下棋上，還嘗試預(yù)測(cè)大師的下法并做出分析。我們每個(gè)人都花了非常非常多的時(shí)間在打字上，但速度并沒有越來越快，如果我們每天花10-20分鐘，聚精會(huì)神，讓自己的打字速度比平常快10-20%，我們就能越來越快，尤其是在我們能識(shí)別自己的錯(cuò)誤并練習(xí)打這些詞的時(shí)候。這就是刻意練習(xí)。

But the people who continue to spend time in the learning zone do continue to always improve.The best salespeople at least once a week do activities with the goal of improvement.They read to extend their knowledge,consult with colleagues or domain experts,try out new strategies, solicit feedback and reflect.The best chess players spend a lot of time not playing games of chess,which would be their performance zone,but trying to predict the moves grand masters made and analyzing them. Each of us has probably spent many, many, many hours typing on a computer without getting faster,but if we spent 10 to 20 minutes each dayfully concentrating on typing 10 to 20 percent faster than our current reliable speed,we would get faster,especially if we also identified what mistakes we're making and practiced typing those words.That's deliberate practice.

那我們生活中還有什么東西，是我們更關(guān)心并且非常努力，但卻因?yàn)槲覀兛偸窃诒憩F(xiàn)區(qū)，而沒什么進(jìn)展的呢？這并不是說表現(xiàn)區(qū)就沒有價(jià)值。表現(xiàn)區(qū)非常具有價(jià)值。在我進(jìn)行膝蓋手術(shù)時(shí)，我絕不會(huì)告訴醫(yī)生：“來吧，插到里面去，練習(xí)你不了解的東西?！?“我們可以從你的錯(cuò)誤中學(xué)習(xí)?！?我想要的醫(yī)生是我覺得她能做的很好的醫(yī)生，并且我希望她能做的很好。

In what other parts of our lives, perhaps that we care more about, are we working hard but not improving much because we're always in the performance zone? Now, this is not to say that the performance zone has no value. It very much does. When I needed a knee surgery, I didn't tell the surgeon, "Poke around in there and focus on what you don't know."?"We'll learn from your mistakes!" I looked for a surgeon who I felt would do a good job, and I wanted her to do a good job.?

處在表現(xiàn)區(qū)使得我們能出色的完成工作，并且非常鼓舞人心，還能告訴我們我們接下來在學(xué)習(xí)區(qū)該練習(xí)什么。所以通往高超能力的方法就是在學(xué)習(xí)區(qū)與表現(xiàn)區(qū)之間相互切換，有目的地在學(xué)習(xí)區(qū)培養(yǎng)我們的技能，然后把這些技能應(yīng)用到表現(xiàn)區(qū)。

Being in the performance zone allows us to get things done as best as we can. It can also be motivating, and it provides us with information to identify what to focus on next when we go back to the learning zone. So the way to high performance is to alternate between the learning zone and the performance zone, purposefully building our skills in the learning zone, then applying those skills in the performance zone.

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