一、完全倒裝(Full Inversion)
謂語(yǔ)部分完全放在主語(yǔ)之前的句子, 便是完全倒裝句。
1. 副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)類:
①表示地點(diǎn)的副詞 here, there 置于句首, 且主語(yǔ)是名詞(不是代詞) , 需用完全倒裝, 其形式為: There/Here+謂語(yǔ)+主語(yǔ)。 常用于此句型的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為 be, go, come, exist, follow, remain, lie等, 時(shí)態(tài)要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
There goes the last bus. 末班公共汽車開(kāi)走了。
Here is the address of your hotel. 這里就是你賓館的地址。
There goes the bell for break. 下課鈴響了。
Here you are. 給你。 (代詞作主語(yǔ), 不倒裝)
②表示時(shí)間的副詞(如: now, then 等) 、運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的副詞(如: out, in, up, down, away 等) 及表示地點(diǎn)的介詞短語(yǔ)置于句首, 且主語(yǔ)是名詞(不是代詞) , 需用完全倒裝, 其形式為: 副詞或介詞短語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+主語(yǔ)。 常用于此句型的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為 come, fall, follow, exist, lie, go, remain, run 等, 時(shí)態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)或一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
Now comes your turn! 現(xiàn)在該你了!
Up went the arrow into the air. 箭直射向空中。
Under the table sleeps a white cat. 在桌子下面睡著一只白色的貓。
Behind the counter he stood. 他站在柜臺(tái)后面。 (代詞作主語(yǔ), 不倒裝)
2. 表語(yǔ)類:
為了保持句子平衡或強(qiáng)調(diào)表語(yǔ)部分等, 將作表語(yǔ)的形容詞、分詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、such 置于句首時(shí), 需用完全倒裝, 其形式為: 形容詞/現(xiàn)在分詞/過(guò)去分詞/介詞短語(yǔ)/such + be +主語(yǔ)。
Happy are those who are contented. 知足者常樂(lè)。
Growing all over the mountain are wild flowers. 漫山遍野長(zhǎng)滿了野花。
Seated on the ground are a group of young people. 席地而坐的是一群年輕人。
Inside the parcel was a letter. 包裹里有封信。
Such were his words. ( = Such was what he said. )這就是他說(shuō)的話。
二、部分倒裝(Partial Inversion)
把 be 動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞置于主語(yǔ)之前的句子叫部分倒裝句。 這類句型主要有下面幾種:
1. only 修飾副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句, 且放在句首時(shí)。
Only in this way can we learn English well.
只有用這種方法我們才能學(xué)好英語(yǔ)。
使用特點(diǎn):
(1) 在部分倒裝句中, 如果謂語(yǔ)部分無(wú)助動(dòng)詞, 則需找助動(dòng)詞來(lái)“幫助” 構(gòu)成倒裝句。
(x) Only after the war learned he the sad news.
(√) Only after the war did he learn the sad news.
只是在戰(zhàn)后他才得知那個(gè)不幸的消息。
(2) only 修飾狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí), 從句不可倒裝, 主句倒裝。
(x) Only when did he return we found out the truth.
(√) Only when he returned did we find out the truth.
只是當(dāng)他回來(lái)的時(shí)候, 我們才查明了真相。
(3) only 修飾主語(yǔ)時(shí), 句子不可倒裝。
(x) Only can he answer the question.
(√) Only he can answer the question. 只有他能回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
題組訓(xùn)練 單句填空
①(2014 湖南, 29) Only when you can find peace in your heart will you keep good relationships with others.
②(2012 天津, 6) Only after Mary read her composition the second time did she notice the spelling mistake.
2. 否定詞 never, nor, not, hardly, little, seldom, scarcely, rarely 及表否定意義的介詞短語(yǔ) at no time, under/in no circumstances, in no case, by no means, on no condition 等置于句首時(shí)。
Never before have I seen such a moving film. = I have never seen such a moving film before.
以前我從未看過(guò)這么感人的電影。
Not a single mistake did he make. = He didn't make a single mistake.
他一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤也沒(méi)犯。
Hardly do I think it possible to finish the work before dark.
?= I hardly think it possible to finish the work before dark.
我認(rèn)為在天黑之前完成這項(xiàng)工作幾乎是不可能的。
題組訓(xùn)練 單句填空
③(2013 遼寧, 26) At no time did they actually break the rules of the game. It was unfair to punish them.
3. 六個(gè)重要的固定句型:
(1) “so + be動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + 主語(yǔ)” 意為“ …… 也是如此”。
They love having lots of friends; so do those with disabilities. 他們喜歡交很多朋友, 那些身有殘疾的人也是如此。
使用特點(diǎn):
①此句型也可寫成“it is/was the same with...” 或“so it is/was with...”。
They love having lots of friends; it is the same with those with disabilities.
They love having lots of friends; so it is with those with disabilities.
②如果僅是對(duì)前面內(nèi)容的肯定或附和(此時(shí)的 so = indeed) , 那么, 句子不可使用倒裝。 試比較:
A: I was afraid. (I 指的是 A)
B: So was I. (I 指的是 B, 此句意為: I was afraid, too. )
A: 我害怕。B: 我也是。
A: I was afraid. (I 指的是 A)
B: So you were. (you 指的也是 A。 此句意為: Indeed you were afraid. )
A: 我害怕。B: 你就是這樣。
(2) “neither/nor + be動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + 主語(yǔ)” 意為“……也不這樣” 。
Lily can't ride a bicycle; neither/nor can Lucy.
莉莉不會(huì)騎自行車, 露西也不會(huì)。
使用特點(diǎn):
①此句型也可寫成“it is/was the same with...” 或“so it is/was with...” 。
Lily can't ride a bicycle; it is the same with Lucy.
Lily can't ride a bicycle;?so it is with Lucy.
②此句型中的 neither/nor 不可用 so...not 替代, 但可用 not...either 改寫。
(x) I have never been abroad. So hasn't he.
(√) I have never been abroad. Neither/Nor has he.
(√) I have never been abroad. He has never/not been abroad, either.
我沒(méi)出過(guò)國(guó)。 他也沒(méi)有。
(3)如此……以至于……
So + adj./adv....that... 和 Such + (a/an + ) adj. + n....that...
So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood.
他說(shuō)英語(yǔ)說(shuō)得如此清晰, 以至于別人都能聽(tīng)得懂。
Such an interesting book does he have that we all want to read it.
他有一本如此有趣的書, 以至于我們都想讀。
使用特點(diǎn):
在這個(gè)句型中, so, such 后面的句子要倒裝, 而 that 引導(dǎo)的從句不倒裝。
(4) Neither. . . , nor. . . 意為“……不……, ……也不……” 。
Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it.
我不知道這件事, 也不關(guān)心。
使用特點(diǎn):
由于 neither 和 nor 都是否定詞, 所以它們后面的句子均需倒裝。
(5) Not only...but also... 意為“不僅……而且……” 。
Not only will help be given to people to find jobs, but also medical treatment will be provided for people who need it.
不僅要給那些找工作的人提供幫助, 而且也要給那些有需要的人提供藥物治療。
使用特點(diǎn):
此句型也可寫成 Not only...but... 或 Not only...but...as well 的形式, 但 but (also) 連接的句子必需用正常語(yǔ)序。
(6) Not until... 意為“直到……才……” 。
Not until 4:00 in the morning could he fall asleep.
直到早晨 4 點(diǎn)他才睡著。
Not until he returned did we have supper.
直到他回來(lái)我們才吃晚飯。
但是: Not until did he return we had supper. (x)
使用特點(diǎn):
not until 引導(dǎo)的是從句時(shí), until 從句的主謂不可倒裝, 只是主句需要倒裝。
題組訓(xùn)練 單句填空
④Jane won't join us for dinner tonight and Tom won't either .
⑤Not until he left his home did he begin to know how important the family was for him.
三、形式倒裝(Formal Inversion)
形式上的倒裝在語(yǔ)法上稱為前置。它的特點(diǎn)是: 只把強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容提至句首, 主謂并不倒裝。這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)非常多, 但有幾個(gè)重要的句型需要特別注意:
1 . 感嘆句
What an interesting talk they had!
他們進(jìn)行了一次多么有趣的談話呀!
How interesting their talk is!
他們的談話多么有趣呀!
使用特點(diǎn):
對(duì)名詞(或中心詞是名詞) 感嘆時(shí), 用 what 引出; 對(duì)形容詞或副詞感嘆時(shí), 用 how 引出。
2. the more..., the more... 句型
The more you listen to English, the easier it becomes.
你聽(tīng)英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)得越多, 它就變得越簡(jiǎn)單。
使用特點(diǎn):
(1) 此句型中的 more 代表的是形容詞或副詞的比較級(jí), 要靈活使用。
The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.
你學(xué)習(xí)越努力, 取得的進(jìn)步就越大。
(2) 此句型中的第一個(gè) the more 引導(dǎo)的部分相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句; 第二個(gè) the more 引導(dǎo)的部分相當(dāng)于一個(gè)主句。所以, 上面例句的意思實(shí)質(zhì)上就是: If you work harder, you will make greater progress.
3. however, whatever 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句
(1) “however + adj./adv.” 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句
However difficult the problem may be, we must work it out this evening.
無(wú)論這個(gè)問(wèn)題可能會(huì)有多難, 今晚我們必須解決它。
(2) “whatever + n.” 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句
Whatever reasons you have, you should carry out your promise.
無(wú)論你有什么理由, 你都應(yīng)當(dāng)履行諾言。
4. as, though 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)采用形式倒裝的情況
(1) 表語(yǔ)的倒裝
Tired as/though he was, he still went on with his work.
盡管很累, 他還是繼續(xù)工作。
Strange as/though it seems, it is true.
盡管看上去奇怪, 這事卻是真的。
Exhausted as/though she was, she wasn't able to sleep.
盡管筋疲力盡, 但她還是睡不著覺(jué)。
注意: 如果是單數(shù)名詞或形容詞的最高級(jí)作表語(yǔ), 不再用冠詞。
Youngest as/though he is in our class, he speaks English best.
他雖然是我們班年齡最小的, 但他英語(yǔ)說(shuō)得最好。
(2) 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的倒裝
Try as he might, he didn't pass the exam.
盡管很用功, 但他考試還是不及格。
Search as they would here and there, they could find nothing in the room.
盡管到處尋找, 但他們?cè)诜块g里找不到任何東西。
注意: 行為動(dòng)詞前置時(shí), 從句主語(yǔ)后面要用 may, might, can, could, will, would 等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞, 若沒(méi)有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞, 則需加上一個(gè) do(does 或 did) 。 若前置的行為動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞, 則其賓語(yǔ)也隨其后一并提前。
Change your mind as/though you do, you will get no help from us.
即使你改變主意, 你也得不到我們的幫助。
(3) 狀語(yǔ)的倒裝
Much as he likes the bike, he doesn't want to buy it.
雖然他很喜歡那輛自行車, 但他不想買它。
Hard as I studied, I could not catch up with them.
我雖然學(xué)習(xí)努力, 但還是趕不上他們。
題組訓(xùn)練 單句填空
⑥ What an interesting role she played in the film! No wonder she has won an Oscar.
⑦In recent years travel companies have succeeded in selling us the idea that the further we go, the better (good) our holiday will be.
⑧Strange as/though it might sound, his idea was accepted by all the people at the meeting.
