項(xiàng)目管理過程的目的是在項(xiàng)目需求和約束的背景下, 識(shí)別、建立和控制項(xiàng)目生成產(chǎn)品所必需的活動(dòng)和資源。
簡單來說是指：通過對(duì)<項(xiàng)目實(shí)施所必要活動(dòng)（必要活動(dòng)能保證輸出質(zhì)量）> 和 <資源（人力資源、設(shè)備資源等）>的管理，使項(xiàng)目能達(dá)成既定的項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)，如時(shí)間目標(biāo)、質(zhì)量目標(biāo)、成本目標(biāo)等。
接下來我們來看一下VDA Guideline中的相關(guān)規(guī)則：
(1) 工作范圍
<ASPICE模型要求>
MAN.3.BP1: 定義工作范圍 / Define the scope of work
確定項(xiàng)目的目標(biāo)、動(dòng)機(jī)和邊界
Identify the project's goals, motivation and boundaries.
項(xiàng)目的工作范圍包括項(xiàng)目范圍和產(chǎn)品范圍；項(xiàng)目的內(nèi)容、邊界、限制、項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)等。
[MAN.3.RL.1] If the scope of work (BP1) is a product description only, the indicator BP1 must not be rated higher than L.
老楊解讀：如果工作范圍僅僅是產(chǎn)品描述，則BP1的打分不能高于L。
[MAN.3.RC.1] If the scope of work (BP1) does not address the responsibilities of all affected parties regarding the project and product, the indicator BP1 should not be rated higher than L.
老楊解讀：如果工作范圍沒有考慮所有項(xiàng)目和產(chǎn)品的相關(guān)方的責(zé)任劃分，則BP1的打分不能高于L。
[MAN.3.RL.2] If the scope of work (BP1) is not appropriately documented at project start, the indicator BP1 must not be rated higher than L.
老楊解讀：如果工作范圍沒有在項(xiàng)目開始時(shí)文檔化，則BP1的打分不能高于L。
(2) 承諾
<ASPICE模型要求>
MAN.3.BP1: 定義工作范圍 / Define the scope of work
確定項(xiàng)目的目標(biāo)、動(dòng)機(jī)和邊界
Identify the project's goals, motivation and boundaries.
MAN.3.BP3: 評(píng)估項(xiàng)目的可行性 / Evaluate feasibility of the project
在時(shí)間、項(xiàng)目估計(jì)和可用資源范圍內(nèi)，在技術(shù)限制的范圍內(nèi)，評(píng)估實(shí)現(xiàn)項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)的可行性。
Evaluate the feasibility of achieving the goals of the project in terms of technical feasibility within constraints with respect to time, project estimates, and available resources.
MAN.3.BP5: 定義、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目估計(jì)和資源 / Define, monitor and adjust project estimates and resources
根據(jù)項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)、項(xiàng)目風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、項(xiàng)目理由和邊界，定義、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目工作量和資源的估計(jì)。
Define, monitor, and adjust project estimates of effort and resources based on project's goals, project risks, motivation and boundaries
MAN.3.BP8: 定義、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目進(jìn)度 / Define, monitor and adjust project schedule
為活動(dòng)分配資源，并安排整個(gè)項(xiàng)目中的每一項(xiàng)活動(dòng)的日程安排。在項(xiàng)目生命周期內(nèi)，項(xiàng)目日程安排必須持續(xù)更新。
Allocate resources to activities, and schedule each activity of the whole project. The schedule has to be kept continuously updated during lifetime of the project.
[MAN.3.RC.2] If the commitment is not fulfilled by delaying the timeline of the project or by cancelling functionality etc., the indicators BP1 and BP3 should not be rated higher than L.
老楊解讀：如果未能通過延遲項(xiàng)目時(shí)間或取消功能等方式履行承諾，則BP1和BP3的打分不應(yīng)高于L。
[MAN.3.RL.3] If the commitment is not fulfilled by delaying the timeline of the project or by cancelling functionality etc., the indicator BP5 and BP8 must not be rated higher than L.
老楊解讀：如果未能通過延遲項(xiàng)目時(shí)間或取消功能等方式履行承諾，則BP5和BP8的打分不應(yīng)高于L。
注：與相關(guān)方達(dá)成一致后的項(xiàng)目交付時(shí)間延遲或功能取消是可以的。
(3) 活動(dòng)定義
<ASPICE模型要求>
MAN.3.BP4: 定義、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目活動(dòng) / Define, monitor and adjust project activities
根據(jù)定義的項(xiàng)目生命周期和預(yù)估，定義、監(jiān)視和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目活動(dòng)及其依賴關(guān)系。根據(jù)需要調(diào)整活動(dòng)及其依賴關(guān)系。
Define, monitor and adjust project activities and their dependencies according to defined project life cycle and estimations. Adjust activities and their dependencies as required
MAN.3.BP8: 定義、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目進(jìn)度 / Define, monitor and adjust project schedule
為活動(dòng)分配資源，并安排整個(gè)項(xiàng)目中的每一項(xiàng)活動(dòng)的日程安排。在項(xiàng)目生命周期內(nèi)，項(xiàng)目日程安排必須持續(xù)更新。
Allocate resources to activities, and schedule each activity of the whole project. The schedule has to be kept continuously updated during lifetime of the project.
[MAN.3.RC.3] If the activities are not described with input and output artifacts, the indicator BP4 should not be rated higher than P.
老楊解讀：如果活動(dòng)定義中未包括輸入和輸出，則BP4的打分不能高于P。
[MAN.3.RC.4] If the dependencies between activities are not identified, the indicator BP4 should not be rated higher than L.
老楊解讀：如果未識(shí)別活動(dòng)之間的依賴關(guān)系，則BP4的打分不能高于L。
[MAN.3.RC.5] If the work packages are too big (e.g. longer than the update cycle for the schedule), the indicator BP8 should be down-rated.
老楊解讀：如果工作包的顆粒度太大（如：大于Schedule的更新周期），則BP8的打分應(yīng)降低。
注：Schedule中Work Package的顆粒度需要小于項(xiàng)目的監(jiān)控周期(如：周），如果存在特殊的Case，無法拆分，則也不能超過2個(gè)項(xiàng)目監(jiān)控周期。
(4) 工作量和資源估計(jì)
<ASPICE模型要求>
MAN.3.BP5: 定義、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目估計(jì)和資源 / Define, monitor and adjust project estimates and resources
根據(jù)項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)、項(xiàng)目風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、項(xiàng)目理由和邊界，定義、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目工作量和資源的估計(jì)。
Define, monitor, and adjust project estimates of effort and resources based on project's goals, project risks, motivation and boundaries
[MAN.3.RC.6] If the estimation method used is not comprehensible, the indicator BP5 should not be rated higher than P.
老楊解讀：如果使用的估計(jì)方法是不可理解的，則BP5的打分不能高于P。
[MAN.3.RC.7] If the estimates are too high level, e.g. based on high-level packages rather than on actual activities, the indicator BP5 should not be rated higher than P.
老楊解讀：如果估計(jì)的顆粒度太高，如：基于高層次的工作包，而不是基于實(shí)際的活動(dòng)，則BP5的打分不能高于P。
[MAN.3.RC.8] If there are not sufficient resources to cover the estimated effort, the indicator BP5 should not be rated higher than P.
老楊解讀：如果缺少足夠的資源來滿足預(yù)計(jì)的工作量，則BP5的打分不能高于P。
[MAN.3.RC.9] If the resources are sufficient to cover the estimates but a monitoring of actual effort versus the estimates is missing, the indicator BP5 should not be rated higher than L.
老楊解讀：如果有足夠的資源來滿足預(yù)計(jì)的工作量，但是缺少對(duì)工作量的監(jiān)控，則BP5的打分不能高于L。
[MAN.3.RC.10] If the rationale for the estimates is missing, the indicator BP5 should not be rated higher than L.
老楊解讀：如果缺失估計(jì)的必要理由，則BP5的打分不能高于L。
(5) 變更請(qǐng)求和問題解決(缺陷解決)的估計(jì)
<ASPICE模型要求>
MAN.3.BP2: 定義項(xiàng)目的生命周期 / Define project life cycle
定義項(xiàng)目的生命周期，與項(xiàng)目的范圍、上下文、量級(jí)和復(fù)雜程度相適應(yīng)。
Define the life cycle for the project, which is appropriate to the scope, context, magnitude and complexity of the project.
MAN.3.BP4: 定義、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目活動(dòng) / Define, monitor and adjust project activities
根據(jù)定義的項(xiàng)目生命周期和預(yù)估，定義、監(jiān)視和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目活動(dòng)及其依賴關(guān)系。根據(jù)需要調(diào)整活動(dòng)及其依賴關(guān)系。
Define, monitor and adjust project activities and their dependencies according to defined project life cycle and estimations. Adjust activities and their dependencies as required
MAN.3.BP5: 定義、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目估計(jì)和資源 / Define, monitor and adjust project estimates and resources
根據(jù)項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)、項(xiàng)目風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、項(xiàng)目理由和邊界，定義、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目工作量和資源的估計(jì)。
Define, monitor, and adjust project estimates of effort and resources based on project's goals, project risks, motivation and boundaries
MAN.3.BP8: 定義、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目進(jìn)度 / Define, monitor and adjust project schedule
為活動(dòng)分配資源，并安排整個(gè)項(xiàng)目中的每一項(xiàng)活動(dòng)的日程安排。在項(xiàng)目生命周期內(nèi)，項(xiàng)目日程安排必須持續(xù)更新。
Allocate resources to activities, and schedule each activity of the whole project. The schedule has to be kept continuously updated during lifetime of the project.
[MAN.3.RC.11] If the definition of activities, effort and resource estimation, and the preparation of schedule(s) do not sufficiently reflect expectable change requests and problem resolution, the indicators BP4, BP5 and BP8 should be downrated.
老楊解讀：如果在活動(dòng)定義、工作量和資源估計(jì)、制定進(jìn)度表等方面沒有充分反映對(duì)變更請(qǐng)求或缺陷解決方面的考慮，則BP4, BP5, BP8的打分應(yīng)降低。
[MAN.3.RC.12] If the project lifecycle does not contain phases that allow for addressing change requests and problem resolution, the indicator BP2 should be downrated.
老楊解讀：如果項(xiàng)目生命周期中未考慮處理變更請(qǐng)求和缺陷解決的階段，那么應(yīng)該降低BP2的打分。
(6) 進(jìn)度與跟蹤
<ASPICE模型要求>
MAN.3.BP4: 定義、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目活動(dòng) / Define, monitor and adjust project activities
根據(jù)定義的項(xiàng)目生命周期和預(yù)估，定義、監(jiān)視和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目活動(dòng)及其依賴關(guān)系。根據(jù)需要調(diào)整活動(dòng)及其依賴關(guān)系。
Define, monitor and adjust project activities and their dependencies according to defined project life cycle and estimations. Adjust activities and their dependencies as required
MAN.3.BP5: 定義、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目估計(jì)和資源 / Define, monitor and adjust project estimates and resources
根據(jù)項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)、項(xiàng)目風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、項(xiàng)目理由和邊界，定義、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目工作量和資源的估計(jì)。
Define, monitor, and adjust project estimates of effort and resources based on project's goals, project risks, motivation and boundaries
MAN.3.BP7: 識(shí)別、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目的接口和承諾 / Identify, monitor and adjust project interfaces and agreed commitments
項(xiàng)目與其它（子）項(xiàng)目、組織單元和其它受影響的利益相關(guān)者的接口，需要確定并達(dá)成一致，并監(jiān)督已商定的承諾。
Identify and agree interfaces of the project with other (sub-) projects, organizational units and other affected stakeholders and monitor agreed commitments.
MAN.3.BP8: 定義、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目進(jìn)度 / Define, monitor and adjust project schedule
為活動(dòng)分配資源，并安排整個(gè)項(xiàng)目中的每一項(xiàng)活動(dòng)的日程安排。在項(xiàng)目生命周期內(nèi)，項(xiàng)目日程安排必須持續(xù)更新。
Allocate resources to activities, and schedule each activity of the whole project. The schedule has to be kept continuously updated during lifetime of the project.
MAN.3.BP9: 確保一致性 / Ensure consistency
確保項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃的各部分之間的一致性，包括：項(xiàng)目估計(jì)、人員技能、活動(dòng)、日程安排、相關(guān)方之間的接口和承諾。
Ensure that estimates, skills, activities, schedules, plans, interfaces, and commitments for the project are consistent across affected parties
MAN.3.BP10: 項(xiàng)目評(píng)審和項(xiàng)目進(jìn)展報(bào)告 / Review and report progress of the project
定期評(píng)審和向所有相關(guān)方報(bào)告項(xiàng)目狀態(tài)，關(guān)于項(xiàng)目活動(dòng)在預(yù)計(jì)的工作量和日程上的達(dá)成情況。防止發(fā)現(xiàn)問題再次發(fā)生。
Regularly review and report the status of the project and the fulfillment of activities against estimated effort and duration to all affected parties. Prevent recurrence of problems identified.
[MAN.3.RC.13] If action items or corrective actions are not properly tracked to closure, the corresponding indicators BP4, BP5, BP7, BP8 and/or BP10 should be downrated.
老楊解讀：如果行動(dòng)項(xiàng)或糾正措施沒有恰當(dāng)?shù)母欀敝陵P(guān)閉，相應(yīng)的BP4, BP5, BP7及BP10的打分應(yīng)降低。
[MAN.3.RL.4] If the schedule is not based on the defined activities (BP4) and estimations (BP5), the indicators BP8 and BP9 must not be rated higher than P.
老楊解讀：如果Schedule沒有基于已定義的活動(dòng)(BP4)和估計(jì)(BP5)，則BP8和BP9的打分不能高于P。
[MAN.3.RL.5] If the schedule does not contain all of the following:
a start and end date,
duration,
degree of fulfillment (for monitoring purposes),
resources,
dependencies
the indicator BP8 must not be rated higher than L.
老楊解讀：如果Schedule中沒有包括：開始和結(jié)束時(shí)間、持續(xù)時(shí)間、進(jìn)展完成情況、資源、依賴，則BP8的打分不能高于L。
[MAN.3.RL.6] If any of the following:
start and end date,
effort,
degree of fulfillment
is missing, the indicator BP8 must not be rated higher than P.
老楊解讀：如果缺失"開始和結(jié)束時(shí)間"、"工作量"和"進(jìn)展完成情況"，則BP8的打分不能高于P。
[MAN.3.RL.7] If the schedule is changed without a documented reason, or the change is not documented, the indicator BP8 shall be downrated.
老楊解讀：如果Schedule發(fā)生了變更但缺少文檔化的原因，或變更沒有被記錄，則BP8的打分應(yīng)降低。
[MAN.3.RL.8] If the degree of activity fulfillment as tracked in the schedule is not up to date (at least biweekly depending on the project scope and release plan), the indicator BP8 shall be downrated.
老楊解讀：如果活動(dòng)的進(jìn)展沒有在Schedule中及時(shí)更新，則BP8的打分應(yīng)降低。
[MAN.3.RL.9] If the critical path in a schedule is not determined, the indicator BP8 shall be downrated.
老楊解讀：如果未確定Schedule中的關(guān)鍵路徑，則BP8的打分應(yīng)降低。
(7) 項(xiàng)目實(shí)際進(jìn)展
<ASPICE模型要求>
MAN.3.BP10: 項(xiàng)目評(píng)審和項(xiàng)目進(jìn)展報(bào)告 / Review and report progress of the project
定期評(píng)審和向所有相關(guān)方報(bào)告項(xiàng)目狀態(tài)，關(guān)于項(xiàng)目活動(dòng)在預(yù)計(jì)的工作量和日程上的達(dá)成情況。防止發(fā)現(xiàn)問題再次發(fā)生。
Regularly review and report the status of the project and the fulfillment of activities against estimated effort and duration to all affected parties. Prevent recurrence of problems identified.
[MAN.3.RL.10] If monitoring does not assess the correlation of actual consumption of resources, meeting of deadlines and fulfillment of activities (i.e. progress of content), the indicator BP10 must not be rated higher than P.
老楊解讀：如果在項(xiàng)目監(jiān)控時(shí)，沒有考慮資源的實(shí)際消耗、最后期限的滿足和活動(dòng)的完成（即內(nèi)容的進(jìn)度）之間的相關(guān)性，則BP10的打分不能高于P。
(8) 發(fā)布管理
<ASPICE模型要求>
MAN.3.BP4: 定義、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目活動(dòng) / Define, monitor and adjust project activities
根據(jù)定義的項(xiàng)目生命周期和預(yù)估，定義、監(jiān)視和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目活動(dòng)及其依賴關(guān)系。根據(jù)需要調(diào)整活動(dòng)及其依賴關(guān)系。
Define, monitor and adjust project activities and their dependencies according to defined project life cycle and estimations. Adjust activities and their dependencies as required
MAN.3.BP7: 識(shí)別、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目的接口和承諾 / Identify, monitor and adjust project interfaces and agreed commitments
項(xiàng)目與其它（子）項(xiàng)目、組織單元和其它受影響的利益相關(guān)者的接口，需要確定并達(dá)成一致，并監(jiān)督已商定的承諾。
Identify and agree interfaces of the project with other (sub-) projects, organizational units and other affected stakeholders and monitor agreed commitments.
MAN.3.BP8: 定義、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目進(jìn)度 / Define, monitor and adjust project schedule
為活動(dòng)分配資源，并安排整個(gè)項(xiàng)目中的每一項(xiàng)活動(dòng)的日程安排。在項(xiàng)目生命周期內(nèi)，項(xiàng)目日程安排必須持續(xù)更新。
Allocate resources to activities, and schedule each activity of the whole project. The schedule has to be kept continuously updated during lifetime of the project.
[MAN.3.RL.11] If product release recipients are not considered as stakeholders, the indicator BP7 must not be rated higher than P.
老楊解讀：如果產(chǎn)品發(fā)布的接受者沒有被考慮為相關(guān)方，則BP7的打分不能高于P。
[MAN.3.RL.12] If product release deadlines or milestones are not reflected in schedules (consider also consistency across different schedules), the indicator BP8 must not be rated higher than P.
老楊解讀：如果產(chǎn)品發(fā)布的時(shí)間點(diǎn)或里程碑沒有在Schedule中考慮，則BP8的打分不能高于P。
[MAN.3.RL.13] If the scope of the current and next release is not identified in detail (features and/or functions per release), the indicators BP7 and BP8 must not be rated higher than P.
老楊解讀：如果當(dāng)前發(fā)布及下一次發(fā)布的范圍沒有被詳細(xì)識(shí)別(每次發(fā)布的功能點(diǎn))，則BP7和BP8的打分不能高于P。
[MAN.3.RL.14] If the mid and long-term planning of the releases does not at least cover a latest release/milestone for features and/or functions, the indicators BP7 and BP8 must not be rated higher than L.
老楊解讀：如果中期計(jì)劃或長期計(jì)劃中沒有覆蓋到當(dāng)前發(fā)布或里程碑，則BP7和BP8的打分不能高于L。
[MAN.3.RL.15] If for the current and next release not all the expected activities are planned and tracked (without a good reason), the indicators BP4, BP7 and BP8 shall not be rated higher than L. If less than 50% of the expected activities are planned, BP4, BP7, BP8 must not be rated higher than P.
老楊解讀：如果當(dāng)前發(fā)布及下一次發(fā)布中的所有活動(dòng)沒有被完全策劃（且沒有合適理由），則BP4, BP7和BP8的打分不能高于L；如果少于50%的活動(dòng)沒有策劃，則BP4, BP7和BP8的打分不能高于P。
(9) 一致性
<ASPICE模型要求>
MAN.3.BP9: 確保一致性 / Ensure consistency
確保項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃的各部分之間的一致性，包括：項(xiàng)目估計(jì)、人員技能、活動(dòng)、日程安排、相關(guān)方之間的接口和承諾。
Ensure that estimates, skills, activities, schedules, plans, interfaces, and commitments for the project are consistent across affected parties
[MAN.3.RC.14] If links between different types of planning information are not supported by tools, this should not be used to downrate the indicator BP9.
老楊解讀：如果項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃相關(guān)的不同類型的信息之間的關(guān)聯(lián)性不是依賴于工具，則不能基于此降低BP9的打分。
[MAN.3.RL.15] If the correlation between different plans or between estimates and plans is too high level or weak, the indicator BP9 shall be downrated.
老楊解讀：如果項(xiàng)目計(jì)劃相關(guān)的不同類型的信息之間的關(guān)聯(lián)性的層次太高，則應(yīng)降低BP9的打分。
(10) 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
<ASPICE模型要求>
MAN.3.BP3: 評(píng)估項(xiàng)目的可行性 / Evaluate feasibility of the project
在時(shí)間、項(xiàng)目估計(jì)和可用資源范圍內(nèi)，在技術(shù)限制的范圍內(nèi)，評(píng)估實(shí)現(xiàn)項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)的可行性。
Evaluate the feasibility of achieving the goals of the project in terms of technical feasibility within constraints with respect to time, project estimates, and available resources.
MAN.3.BP5: 定義、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目估計(jì)和資源 / Define, monitor and adjust project estimates and resources
根據(jù)項(xiàng)目目標(biāo)、項(xiàng)目風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、項(xiàng)目理由和邊界，定義、監(jiān)控和調(diào)整項(xiàng)目工作量和資源的估計(jì)。
Define, monitor, and adjust project estimates of effort and resources based on project's goals, project risks, motivation and boundaries
MAN.3.BP6: 確保所需的技能，知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn) / Ensure required skills, knowledge, and experience
根據(jù)估計(jì)，確定項(xiàng)目所需的技能、知識(shí)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，并確保選定的個(gè)人和團(tuán)隊(duì)及時(shí)具備這些技能和知識(shí)。
Identify the required skills, knowledge, and experience for the project in line with the estimates and make sure the selected individuals and teams either have or acquire these in time.
[MAN.3.RC.15] If risks regarding feasibility are not considered, the indicator BP3 should be downrated.
老楊解讀：如果未考慮與項(xiàng)目可行性相關(guān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，則應(yīng)降低BP3的打分。
[MAN.3.RC.16] If risks regarding estimates or resources are not considered, the indicator BP5 should be downrated.
老楊解讀：如果未考慮與工作量估計(jì)及資源相關(guān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，則應(yīng)降低BP5的打分。
[MAN.3.RC.17] If risks regarding skills or knowledge are not considered, the indicator BP6 should be downrated.
老楊解讀：如果未考慮人員技能和知識(shí)相關(guān)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，則應(yīng)降低BP6的打分。
