counterparty exposures and pricing counterparty risk
Exposure metrics
Exposure profile of different security types
Challenge of pricing
CVA and DVA
Wrong way risk right way risk
各種產(chǎn)品的exposure
Bond 、loan :直線(xiàn),到期為零
Forward :遠(yuǎn)期是逐漸上升,到期最高
Interest rate swap:利率互換不涉及本金所以是先增后減
Currency swap:現(xiàn)金互換等于利率互換加遠(yuǎn)期,跟遠(yuǎn)期一樣逐漸上升
Credit derivatives:先增后減
WWR RWR
wrong way risk :PD????上升,exposure 上升,CVA上升
Right way risk :PD上升,exposure 下降,CVA下降
CVA計(jì)算


例題

credit risk management:mitigating?approach
?credit derivatives
1、Netting?
Payment netting:日間清算
Close out netting :特殊情況結(jié)算
相關(guān)性小于0,效果好
2、collateralization
Haircut ? ? threshold ? ? ? Independent amount?
minimum transfer amount ? ? Rehypothecation:再抵押 ? ? segregation:隔離
3、bilateral margin requirement 非集中清算保證金要求
Credit derivatives?
1、CDS
付保費(fèi)
cash settle:賠償差額(損失部分) digital spread:賠償定額(pay-agree) physical settle:交割實(shí)物資產(chǎn),全賠
2、total return swap
3、CLN
找個(gè)trust買(mǎi)點(diǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)資產(chǎn),再把貸款打包放進(jìn)去,相當(dāng)于無(wú)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)債券+有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)資產(chǎn)證券化



Securitization 資產(chǎn)證券化
1、SPV:類(lèi)型
amortization structure 房貸
Revolving structure 信用卡
Master trust 集合信托
2、tranching 分層
Senior mezzanine equity?
3、watelfall 自上而下現(xiàn)金流分配
4、資產(chǎn)池風(fēng)險(xiǎn)指標(biāo)
SMM CPR PSA
5、credit scenarios analysis?
Value:損失的可能性,Var:損失的不確定性
不變,PD上升,senior的value??,equity的value??
不變,PD上升,senior的Var??,equity的Var??,equity的違約可能變大,不確定性變小
前提:如果PD很低,的影響有限
PD不變,上升,senior的value??,equity的value??
PD不變,上升,senior的Var??,equity的var??
6、Enhancement 信用增級(jí)(增加credit,liquidity)
subordination
overcollateralization
excess spread
Margin step up (call 贖回條款)
7、次貸危機(jī)
1)借款人與借出方/borrower -mortgage &originator?--掠奪性借出
2)借出方與收購(gòu)資產(chǎn)池的機(jī)構(gòu)/originator &arranger--貸款欺詐
3)收購(gòu)資產(chǎn)池的機(jī)構(gòu)與第三方機(jī)構(gòu)(資產(chǎn)經(jīng)理、資金供給方、評(píng)級(jí)機(jī)構(gòu)等)arrenger &third parties--逆向選擇
4)服務(wù)商與借款人/Service &Borrow?--道德風(fēng)險(xiǎn),建立escrow account 托管賬戶(hù)
5)服務(wù)商與第三方機(jī)構(gòu)/service &third parties?--道德風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
6)投資者和資產(chǎn)經(jīng)理/investors &asset manager?--委托代理問(wèn)題
7)投資者與評(píng)級(jí)機(jī)構(gòu)/investor &credit rating agen--模型錯(cuò)誤
retail credit risk零售風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
1、參數(shù),指標(biāo)
FICO:小于660就是subprime 次級(jí)貸款人
DTI:越小越好
LTV:越小越好
2、model
外部模型
外部定制
內(nèi)部定制:準(zhǔn)確
3、臨界點(diǎn):看風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏好
4、驗(yàn)證:accuracy ratio
AR/AP 等于1 是perfect