認(rèn)知思維：學(xué)習(xí)的本質(zhì)是什么？
Cognitive Thinking: What is the Nature of Learning?
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發(fā)布于2021-11-30 Released in 2021-11-30
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學(xué)習(xí)
learning
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印象研習(xí)社
Impression Institute
認(rèn)知思維：學(xué)習(xí)的本質(zhì)是什么？
Cognitive Thinking: What is the Nature of Learning?
我們一生都無(wú)法擺脫學(xué)習(xí)，學(xué)生階段，離不開(kāi)課本學(xué)習(xí)，專(zhuān)業(yè)考試，職場(chǎng)階段，離不開(kāi)職業(yè)知識(shí)學(xué)習(xí)，考證學(xué)習(xí)。有些人學(xué)習(xí)很容易輕松，極短時(shí)間就獲得成效，與他人付出同樣時(shí)間卻收獲最大；有些人卻面對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)極其痛苦，學(xué)了考不出來(lái)，考了用不出來(lái)，陷入深深的自責(zé)中，覺(jué)得是自己不夠努力，不夠聰明，受盡學(xué)習(xí)帶來(lái)的苦，可能最終放棄，等再次面對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)候，內(nèi)心那份曾經(jīng)的痛苦和折磨感受再次襲來(lái)，又得經(jīng)歷一次情緒磨練，在焦慮和煩躁中煎熬。
We can't get rid of learning all our life. In the student stage, we can't leave textbooks, professional exams, and the workplace stage, we can't leave vocational knowledge learning and textual research learning. Some people learn easily and easily. They get results in a very short time. They get the most out of the same amount of time as others. Is extremely painful to some people in the face of learning, learned not to come out, take an examination of the used not to come out, lost in deep remorse, think oneself didn't work hard enough, smart enough, learning the hard time, may eventually give up, once again faced with learning, such as feeling of pain and suffering heart struck again, experiencing emotional hone, once again suffering in the anxiety and irritability.
花半秒鐘看透事物本質(zhì)的人，和花一輩子都看不透事物本質(zhì)的人，注定是截然不同的命運(yùn)。那學(xué)習(xí)的本質(zhì)是什么呢？如何掌握本質(zhì)，改變學(xué)習(xí)方式，讓學(xué)習(xí)上癮，做高效的學(xué)習(xí)者？下面從不同層面跟大家分享。
第一層面：如何學(xué)會(huì)一個(gè)知識(shí)？
第二層面：如何學(xué)會(huì)一門(mén)知識(shí)？
第三層面：如何利用知識(shí)改變自己？
Take half a second to see through the essence of things, and spend a lifetime can not see the essence of things, are doomed to be completely different fate. What is the nature of learning? How to master the essence, change the way of learning, make learning addictive, be an effective learner? Let me share with you from different levels. Level 1: How to learn a knowledge? Level 2: How to learn a knowledge? The third level: How to use knowledge to change yourself?
第一層面：如何學(xué)會(huì)一個(gè)知識(shí)？
Level 1: How to learn a knowledge?
1、100%學(xué)會(huì)——理解力
1, 100% learn - understanding
①反復(fù)折騰
① Toss and turn
學(xué)一個(gè)東西，一開(kāi)始就要100%掌握。為什么要這樣做？這就像燒一壺水，一開(kāi)始沒(méi)有燒到100度，冷卻了下次又接著燒，燒到60度冷卻了，下次又接著燒，反復(fù)又反復(fù)，浪費(fèi)了資源，始終沒(méi)把一壺水燒開(kāi)。所以為了高效，一開(kāi)始就要把一壺水給燒開(kāi)，把接觸到的某一個(gè)知識(shí)要求自己百分百掌握。
To learn something, you must master it 100% at the beginning. Why do you do that? This is like boiling a pot of water, at the beginning, it did not reach 100 degrees, then it was cooled and then it was burned again next time, and then it was cooled and then it was burned again next time when it reached 60 degrees, again and again, again and again, wasting resources and never boiling a pot of water. So in order to be efficient, the beginning of a pot of water to boil, to contact a certain knowledge of their own 100 percent master.
有些人對(duì)100%掌握知識(shí)存在誤解，覺(jué)得看了一遍概念記了一遍，以為就掌握了，看著答案做題，然后說(shuō)太好了我懂了，背誦到滾瓜爛熟，覺(jué)得自己可以“出師”了。當(dāng)檢測(cè)自己或者別人一詢(xún)問(wèn)，懵圈了，答不出來(lái)，用不出來(lái)。這些都是學(xué)習(xí)錯(cuò)覺(jué)，不是真的理解知識(shí)。當(dāng)局者迷，很多學(xué)習(xí)者不清楚自己學(xué)習(xí)的錯(cuò)誤性，依舊堅(jiān)持這樣的做法學(xué)習(xí)，結(jié)果失利告終。
Some people have a misunderstanding of 100% mastery of knowledge. They think that they have mastered the concept after reading it once and remembering it once. They look at the answers and do the questions and then say "great, I understand it. When detecting oneself or others an inquiry, meng circle, answer not to come out, use not to come out. These are all learning illusions, not real understanding. When the local is confused, many learners do not know the error of their own learning, still insist on learning in this way, the result of failure.
那怎么做才能真的理解知識(shí)呢？四個(gè)字：反復(fù)折騰。折騰什么呢？折騰怎么認(rèn)識(shí)它。想想面對(duì)身邊的人，你是怎么了解他的？是不是會(huì)跟他溝通，跟他一起經(jīng)歷一些事情，反復(fù)折騰你們兩關(guān)系，你才慢慢有了這個(gè)人的了解。知識(shí)也是一樣，你要理解它，你就得花時(shí)間折騰它。那從哪些方面進(jìn)行折騰呢？三個(gè)方面入手，也是大家常聽(tīng)到的：是什么、為什么、怎么做。對(duì)應(yīng)數(shù)學(xué)類(lèi)知識(shí)，需要這折騰每個(gè)公式的定義，公式的條件、公式如何應(yīng)用；對(duì)應(yīng)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言類(lèi)知識(shí)，需要折騰它的意思發(fā)音拼寫(xiě)、形成源頭、使用場(chǎng)景；對(duì)應(yīng)文學(xué)類(lèi)知識(shí)，需要折騰它的概念意思、概念間的關(guān)系，概念如何使用，等等。
So how do you really understand knowledge? Two words: toss and turn. What are you doing? Try to recognize it. Think about the person next to you. What do you know about them? Will you communicate with him and experience some things with him, repeatedly tossing the relationship between you, you slowly get to know this person. It's the same with knowledge. If you want to understand it, you have to spend time with it. So where do you do that? There are three aspects to start with, which we often hear: what, why and how to do it. For mathematical knowledge, you need to do this to define every formula, the conditions of the formula, how the formula is applied; Corresponding English language knowledge, need to toss about its meaning, pronunciation, spelling, the formation of the source, the use of the scene; Corresponding to literature knowledge, we need to worry about its concept meaning, the relationship between concepts, how concepts are used, and so on.
每一個(gè)知識(shí)，你要想學(xué)會(huì)“縫在身體里”，你就得從多個(gè)方面折騰他。學(xué)習(xí)的知識(shí)越多，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)理解力越強(qiáng)，學(xué)習(xí)更加輕松，這是因?yàn)橹R(shí)具有高度可壓縮性。就像，學(xué)會(huì)了乘法口訣表，我們處理高階的數(shù)學(xué)運(yùn)算就很多，積累了高中的函數(shù)學(xué)習(xí)，大學(xué)的高階數(shù)學(xué)就顯得不是那么吃力。一旦把首個(gè)問(wèn)題或概念存入腦中，不管存入的是什么，第二個(gè)概念進(jìn)入腦中會(huì)變得更容易一些，第三個(gè)同樣不會(huì)太難，依次逐漸變得容易。把一個(gè)知識(shí)折騰學(xué)會(huì)了，它會(huì)為千千萬(wàn)萬(wàn)的知識(shí)打下基礎(chǔ)，就像蓋一座大樓，每個(gè)知識(shí)都是板磚，只有知識(shí)越穩(wěn)扎，樓才會(huì)更堅(jiān)固。認(rèn)真去理解每個(gè)知識(shí)，不是在費(fèi)時(shí)間，它很重要。
For every piece of knowledge to be "sewn into the body", you have to torture it in many ways. The more you learn, the more understanding you will find and the easier it will be to learn because knowledge is highly compressible. For example, after learning the multiplication table, we will deal with a lot of advanced mathematics operations, and accumulated the function learning in high school, the advanced mathematics in university is not so strenuous. Once you've got the first question or concept in your head, whatever it is, the second idea will be easier to get into your head, and the third won't be too difficult, gradually becoming easier. If one piece of knowledge is learned, it will lay a foundation for thousands of others. Just like building a big building, each piece of knowledge is a brick. Only the more stable the knowledge is, the stronger the building will be. Understand each knowledge carefully, not waste time, it is very important.
②大腦神經(jīng)是如何變化的
② How do nerves in the brain change
100%學(xué)會(huì)一個(gè)知識(shí)，大腦會(huì)有什么變化呢？當(dāng)我們專(zhuān)注學(xué)會(huì)了一個(gè)知識(shí)，這個(gè)知識(shí)進(jìn)入了大腦后，大腦會(huì)形成記憶神經(jīng)組塊。就像，章魚(yú)神經(jīng)觸手將大腦某些神經(jīng)部位連接在一起，形成一個(gè)神經(jīng)集合。例如，你學(xué)會(huì)apple這個(gè)單詞，你會(huì)記住它的意思是蘋(píng)果，蘋(píng)果這個(gè)詞在你大腦里已經(jīng)有存儲(chǔ)的對(duì)應(yīng)文字相關(guān)的神經(jīng)元，章魚(yú)觸手會(huì)抓住這個(gè)神經(jīng)元；同時(shí)你大腦視覺(jué)部分神經(jīng)會(huì)反映出蘋(píng)果的圖片，一張紅色的蘋(píng)果圖；單詞的發(fā)音和拼寫(xiě)對(duì)應(yīng)的神經(jīng)會(huì)隨著你記憶這個(gè)單詞后建立起來(lái)；其他的跟嗅覺(jué)、味覺(jué)、形狀相關(guān)的神經(jīng)，隨著你想到蘋(píng)果圖像后也會(huì)帶動(dòng)活躍起來(lái)。
What happens when you learn 100 percent of something? When we focus on learning something, and that knowledge enters the brain, the brain forms memory blocks. Like, octopus tentacles connect nerve parts of the brain together to form a collection of nerves. For example, if you learn the word apple, you will remember that it means apple, and the word apple has neurons stored in your brain associated with the word, and the tentacles of the octopus will grab that neuron; And the visual part of your brain responds to a picture of an apple, a red picture of an apple; The neurons that correspond to the sound and spelling of a word build up as you memorize the word; Other nerves involved in smell, taste and shape are also activated when you think about the image of an apple.
章魚(yú)神經(jīng)觸手在你的左右大腦穿梭著，將跟apple這個(gè)相關(guān)的記憶神經(jīng)全部連接在一起，形成了一個(gè)神經(jīng)集合，就像下面圖顯示的那樣。其中包括了：視覺(jué)神經(jīng)、聽(tīng)覺(jué)神經(jīng)、文字記憶神經(jīng)、嗅覺(jué)、味覺(jué)、形狀等神經(jīng)，這些神經(jīng)以某種方式連接在一起，作為一個(gè)記憶組塊存在在大腦里。隨著你不斷地回憶，不斷調(diào)動(dòng)這個(gè)記憶組塊，它會(huì)在大腦里不斷加固，形成長(zhǎng)期記憶。
Octopus tentacles run along the left and right sides of your brain, connecting all the memory nerves associated with apple together to form a collection of nerves, as shown below. These include: visual nerve, auditory nerve, word memory nerve, smell, taste, shape and other nerves, which are somehow connected together as a memory block in the brain. As you continue to recall, as you continue to use this memory block, it will continue to strengthen in the brain, forming long-term memories.
需要強(qiáng)調(diào)一點(diǎn)是，記憶一個(gè)知識(shí)，所涉及的神經(jīng)集合越多，越能夠把握這個(gè)知識(shí)點(diǎn)。如果你學(xué)習(xí)一個(gè)知識(shí)，只是調(diào)動(dòng)了文字相關(guān)的神經(jīng)，沒(méi)跟其他的相關(guān)神經(jīng)建立連接，那么它很難在大腦里存很久?，F(xiàn)實(shí)中，很多人記憶文字信息就是采取死記硬背，結(jié)果經(jīng)受不住時(shí)間的考驗(yàn)，背了忘背了忘，就是這個(gè)道理。前面介紹學(xué)會(huì)一個(gè)知識(shí)要從三個(gè)方面出發(fā)反復(fù)折騰，幫助建立復(fù)雜多樣的神經(jīng)組合，這樣的方式是從大腦的工作原理為出發(fā)點(diǎn)所提出來(lái)的，它更有利于我們學(xué)會(huì)一個(gè)東西。
It should be emphasized that the more neurons involved in memorizing a piece of knowledge, the better able to grasp the knowledge. If you learn something that only engages the word-related neurons and doesn't make connections with other related neurons, it won't last long in the brain. In reality, a lot of people to memorize text information is to take rote, the results can not stand the test of time, back forget back forget, that is the truth. The previous introduction of learning a knowledge from three aspects of the toss and turn to help build a complex and diverse neural combination, this approach from the brain as the starting point for the work of the proposed, it is better for us to learn a thing.
所以，大家如果始終學(xué)不會(huì)和記不住一樣知識(shí)點(diǎn)，那就要好好反思一下是不是自己折騰得不夠，多折騰折騰，記憶會(huì)更加牢固。
Therefore, if you can not always learn and remember the same knowledge, it is necessary to reflect on whether they did not toss enough, toss more, the memory will be more solid.
2、100%記住——記憶力
2. 100% remember -- memory
我們總是高估我們大腦的記憶能力，我們覺(jué)得看一遍，背幾遍的內(nèi)容，它就一定已經(jīng)存在了自己腦子里，不用重復(fù)回顧，它就在那兒，不增不減。事實(shí)上，學(xué)會(huì)的東西，如果記得不牢固，只是短時(shí)記憶，那么時(shí)間久了，短時(shí)記憶的內(nèi)容會(huì)按照艾賓浩斯遺忘曲線(xiàn)規(guī)律不斷地遺忘。避免它遺忘，我們需要做得是按照科學(xué)可行的方法去把短時(shí)記憶變成長(zhǎng)期記憶。
We tend to overestimate our brain's ability to remember. We think that if we read and recite something a few times, it must already be there in our head. We don't need to review it repeatedly. In fact, if the learned things are not firmly remembered, only short-term memory, then over time, the contents of short-term memory will be forgotten in accordance with the rule of Ebbinghaus forgetting curve. To prevent it from forgetting, we need to do what is scientifically feasible to change short-term memory into long-term memory.
可能有些人，覺(jué)得短時(shí)記憶也挺好呀，就像臨近考試時(shí)候，槍記的內(nèi)容，在考試中也能用上呀。是的，短時(shí)記憶在短時(shí)間沒(méi)有遺忘的情況下，它是可以你做到某些檢驗(yàn)性考試。但是，如果說(shuō)，你想成為一個(gè)資深專(zhuān)業(yè)人士，想對(duì)知識(shí)有高強(qiáng)度鏈接能力，面對(duì)問(wèn)題，對(duì)知識(shí)能信手拈來(lái)，快速反應(yīng)，那么短時(shí)記憶根本就做不到，只有變成長(zhǎng)期記憶，刻在腦子的東西才是自己的。
Maybe some people think short-term memory is also good, just like when the exam is near, the contents of the gun can be used in the exam. Yes, short-term memory allows you to do certain tests without forgetting for a short period of time. However, if you want to become a senior professional, want to have a high intensity link ability to knowledge, facing problems, knowledge can be handy, quick response, then short-term memory is not able to do, only become long-term memory, engraved in the brain is their own.
短時(shí)記憶會(huì)讓人變得很焦慮，你會(huì)覺(jué)得花了時(shí)間學(xué)的內(nèi)容，到頭來(lái)想不起來(lái)，用不出來(lái)，時(shí)間精力都付出，卻得不到回報(bào)，怪自己不努力不聰明，自責(zé)焦慮煩躁，甚至習(xí)得性無(wú)助。當(dāng)你發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)的東西你已經(jīng)做到了100%學(xué)會(huì)它，但是它沒(méi)辦法快速調(diào)取為你所用，你的問(wèn)題一定是出在了，你沒(méi)有把它變成長(zhǎng)期記憶，100%記住它。有什么方法可以讓短時(shí)記憶更有效的變成長(zhǎng)期記憶呢？以下提供了幾個(gè)科學(xué)的記憶方法：
Short-term memory can make people very anxious. You will feel that you can't remember what you have spent time learning, and you can't use it. You will spend all your time and energy, but get no reward. When you find that you have learned something 100 percent, but it can't be quickly adapted to your use, there must be something wrong with you that you haven't made it into long-term memory. What can be done to make short-term memory more effective for long-term memory? Here are a few scientific ways to remember:
①間斷式復(fù)習(xí)
① Intermittent review
把信息從短時(shí)記憶轉(zhuǎn)存為長(zhǎng)期記憶需要花時(shí)間。有個(gè)叫做間隔重復(fù)的技巧，有助于推進(jìn)這個(gè)過(guò)程。他需要你不斷的重復(fù)要記憶的內(nèi)容，比如一個(gè)生詞或者一種解題技巧，連著重復(fù)幾天，這就是一個(gè)階段。兩個(gè)階段之間休息一天，多來(lái)幾次，延長(zhǎng)整個(gè)練習(xí)過(guò)程，效果會(huì)截然不同。
It takes time to transfer information from short-term to long-term memory. There's a technique called spaced repetition that helps advance this process. It requires you to repeat over and over again what you want to memorize, such as a new word or a problem-solving technique, for several days. This is a stage. Taking a day off between sessions, doing it more than once, and lengthening the process can make all the difference.
已經(jīng)有研究表明，要想把某件事情牢牢釘進(jìn)記憶里，一晚上重復(fù)20次倒不如每天重復(fù)幾次，多堅(jiān)持幾天甚至幾周效果更好。為什么說(shuō)間隔式復(fù)習(xí)是科學(xué)的方法？因?yàn)樗洗竽X的兩種工作模式：專(zhuān)注模式和發(fā)散模式。即大腦注意力高度集中的狀態(tài)進(jìn)和更加放松的狀態(tài)，這兩種思考狀態(tài)基于不同的神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型，所以稱(chēng)其為專(zhuān)注模式和發(fā)散模式。
Research has shown that if you want to cement something into your memory, it's better to repeat it 20 times a night rather than several times a day for a few days or even weeks. Why is interval review a scientific method? Because it fits into two modes of the brain: focused mode and divergent mode. These two states of thinking are based on different neural network models, so they are called focused mode and divergent mode.
我們大腦一直都是以?xún)煞N模式切換來(lái)工作的，我們可能覺(jué)得專(zhuān)注模式更好，但是研究表明，兩個(gè)模式一起來(lái)工作是最好的，不要單一使用一種模式。在學(xué)習(xí)領(lǐng)域上同樣也需要用到兩種模式，想要學(xué)習(xí)學(xué)得好，就得能在專(zhuān)注學(xué)習(xí)期間空出時(shí)間，讓專(zhuān)注期間獲得的知識(shí)在大腦神經(jīng)里得以鞏固。這就像砌墻一樣，你得間隔時(shí)間，讓泥漿干燥。妄想通過(guò)幾次突擊就把知識(shí)記得牢固，不給時(shí)間讓它鞏固，那只能砌出歪歪扭扭的墻。
Our brains switch between two modes all the time, and we may find focused mode better, but research suggests that it's best to work with both modes together, rather than using just one. The same applies to learning. In order to learn well, you need to be able to set aside time during the period of concentration so that the knowledge gained during concentration can be consolidated in the brain. It's like building a wall, you have to take time to let the mud dry. Delusion through a few raids to remember the knowledge firmly, do not give time to consolidate it, that can only build a crooked wall.
②不斷的回想
Keep thinking about it
前面我們說(shuō)到了間隔式復(fù)習(xí)，復(fù)習(xí)的方式有兩種：簡(jiǎn)單閱讀材料內(nèi)容和試著回想材料內(nèi)容。研究表明，后者的學(xué)習(xí)效果式要比前者好很多。當(dāng)我們的書(shū)本才來(lái)哦擺在眼前時(shí)，大腦會(huì)產(chǎn)生錯(cuò)覺(jué)，以為學(xué)習(xí)材料也同樣存入了大腦。看書(shū)畢竟比回想簡(jiǎn)單得多了，很多人因此執(zhí)迷于自己得錯(cuò)覺(jué)，堅(jiān)持低效率得學(xué)習(xí)方式。
Earlier we talked about spaced review. There are two ways to review: simply reading the material and trying to recall the material. Research shows that the latter is much better at learning than the former. When the book is just in front of our eyes, the brain has the illusion that learning material is also stored in the brain. After all, reading is much easier than recalling, so many people are obsessed with their own illusion and insist on inefficient learning methods.
在學(xué)習(xí)中回想，是讓大腦提取關(guān)鍵概念，而非通過(guò)閱讀被動(dòng)地獲取知識(shí)，回想可更加集中高效地利用學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間。知識(shí)不要扔的太久之后才去練習(xí)回想，那樣你每次都得重頭開(kāi)始鞏固概念。特別是初學(xué)和具有挑戰(zhàn)性的知識(shí)內(nèi)容，最好是24小時(shí)內(nèi)就跟它們親熱一次?；叵氲姆绞?，可以是遮住提示詞，然后去敘述整塊的知識(shí)關(guān)鍵內(nèi)容，所以在學(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)時(shí)候，要做筆記提煉關(guān)鍵詞。
Recall during learning allows the brain to extract key concepts, rather than passively acquiring knowledge through reading. Recall can make more concentrated and efficient use of learning time. Don't throw things away for too long before you practice recalling them, so you'll have to start all over again each time to solidify the concepts. Especially for beginners and challenging knowledge, it is best to make out with them once within 24 hours. The way to recall can be to cover up the prompt words and then narrate the key content of the whole piece of knowledge. Therefore, when learning knowledge, it is necessary to take notes and refine the key words.
還要強(qiáng)調(diào)的一點(diǎn)是：知識(shí)劃線(xiàn)。重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容劃線(xiàn)一定要謹(jǐn)慎，否則你不僅會(huì)效率低下，而且會(huì)被誤導(dǎo)。畫(huà)線(xiàn)的動(dòng)作會(huì)讓你欺騙自己的大腦在記憶內(nèi)容，其實(shí)只是手在動(dòng)而已。在訓(xùn)練前，要先訓(xùn)練自己找到主要觀點(diǎn)，并把所所標(biāo)記數(shù)量降低到最少，一句話(huà)就行了，最多不要超過(guò)一個(gè)自然段。在留白區(qū)域記下總結(jié)好的關(guān)鍵概念詞也是一個(gè)好辦法，方便自己回想內(nèi)容。
Another point to emphasize is: knowledge underline. Make sure you underline your points carefully, otherwise you will not only be unproductive but misguided. The act of underlining can trick your brain into remembering something when it's really just your hand. Before training, train yourself to find the main ideas and keep the number of markers to a minimum of one sentence and no more than one paragraph. It's also a good idea to jot down key concept words in the white space so you can recall them.
③多樣化記憶方法
③ Diversified memory methods
上面我們提到了短時(shí)記憶后，如何變成長(zhǎng)期記憶的方式，也是唯一可行，被科學(xué)驗(yàn)證的方式。接下來(lái)分享的技巧跟短時(shí)記憶有關(guān)，如何有效進(jìn)行短時(shí)記憶？有效的短時(shí)記憶，它通過(guò)使用上面介紹的方式使得知識(shí)轉(zhuǎn)成長(zhǎng)期記憶更加容易。
We talked about how short-term memory becomes long-term memory, and that's the only way to do it, scientifically proven. The next tip to share is related to short-term memory. How to use short-term memory effectively? Effective short-term memory, which makes it easier to transfer knowledge into long-term memory by using the methods described above.
1）類(lèi)比方法 1) Analogy method
我們學(xué)會(huì)概念，既要理解它，又要記住它。但有的概念不是很容易懂，也不容易記住，更不容易跟他人講解。那怎么做會(huì)更好呢？一個(gè)上策就是為它打造一個(gè)比喻或者類(lèi)比，通常這個(gè)類(lèi)比越形象，效果越好。比喻就是找一件事情和另外一件事相似點(diǎn)，建立連接。
We learn concepts, both to understand them and to remember them. But some concepts are not easy to understand, or remember, or explain to others. So what would be better? A good idea is to create a metaphor or analogy for it, and usually the more graphic the analogy, the better. A metaphor is to find similarities between one thing and another and make a connection.
例如，什么是：談判“？百度上給出的定義是：談判有廣義與俠義之分，廣義的談判是指除正式場(chǎng)合下的談判，一切協(xié)商、交涉、商量、磋商等，都可以看作談判。俠義的談判僅指正式場(chǎng)合下的談判。而如何用簡(jiǎn)單的類(lèi)比的話(huà)，就是一句話(huà)：談判就是在”找交集“。你類(lèi)比后，是不是一聽(tīng)就很明白。比喻或類(lèi)比可以讓概念牢牢留在腦海中，因?yàn)樗研碌母拍詈鸵延械纳窠?jīng)結(jié)構(gòu)聯(lián)系在了一起。
For example, what is "negotiation"? The definition given on Baidu is: negotiations can be divided into broad sense and chivalrous sense. In broad sense, negotiations refer to all negotiations, negotiations, consultations, etc., except those under formal occasions. Chivalrous negotiations only refer to formal negotiations. A simple analogy is that negotiation is "finding the intersection". After your analogy, does it make sense? Metaphors or analogies can keep concepts firmly in mind because they link new concepts to existing neural structures.
2）編故事 2) Make up stories
人都是很喜歡聽(tīng)故事的，因?yàn)楣适掠挟?huà)面感，大腦跟容易通過(guò)故事記住一些內(nèi)容。例如心理學(xué)上的破窗效應(yīng)，如果單純的講它的文字定義是：環(huán)境中的不良現(xiàn)象如果被放任存在，會(huì)誘使人們仿效，甚至變本加厲。一聽(tīng)這個(gè)定義是不是很難跟破窗效應(yīng)記在一起。那如果補(bǔ)充一個(gè)故事會(huì)怎么樣？
People are very like to listen to stories, because stories have a pictorial sense, the brain with easy to remember some content through the story. The broken window effect in psychology, for example, is simply defined as: undesirable phenomena in the environment, if allowed to exist, will induce people to imitate and even intensify. Sounds like this definition is hard to remember with the broken window effect. What about adding a story?
商業(yè)區(qū)里有一棟大樓在停止?fàn)I業(yè)期，樓內(nèi)有幾處窗戶(hù)受大風(fēng)破損了，一直沒(méi)有維修，第一個(gè)路過(guò)的破壞者看到了，覺(jué)得它都破成這樣，再破點(diǎn)也無(wú)所謂，于是破壞者破壞了更多的窗戶(hù)；第二個(gè)破化者看到破爛的景象，覺(jué)得要添加點(diǎn)什么，于是在墻上開(kāi)始了涂鴉，這些涂鴉沒(méi)有被立即清理，陸陸續(xù)續(xù)越來(lái)越多的涂鴉出現(xiàn)，很快大樓的墻上布滿(mǎn)了亂七八糟，不堪入目的東西。這樣的故事，是不是能夠很容易就記住了它的定義呢？
There was a building in the downtown area that was out of business. Several Windows in the building had been damaged by the wind and had not been repaired. The first vandal who passed by saw it and thought it would not matter if it were broken more. The second breaker saw the shabby scene and decided to add something, so he began to graffiti on the wall. These graffiti were not cleaned up immediately, but more and more graffiti appeared, and soon the walls of the building were covered with disorderly, ugly things. Is it easy to remember the definition of a story like this?
廈大法考主講羅翔老師的課程很受歡迎的原因之一是，它的課堂上用上了很多有趣的法律故事，法外狂徒張三的故事，想必大家都聽(tīng)過(guò)很多了。因?yàn)楣适潞苣苡涀?，并且理解，如果我們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)知識(shí)時(shí)候，也能用故事去填充、連接和記憶，知識(shí)要說(shuō)忘記，很難。
One reason for the popularity of Luo Xiang's course at Xiamen University is that it uses many interesting legal stories, such as the story of zhang SAN, an outlaw. Because stories are easy to remember and understand, if we can use stories to fill, connect and remember knowledge when we learn it, knowledge is hard to forget.
我們?nèi)粘W(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)單詞也可以用這樣得方式，設(shè)想一個(gè)你之前遇到或者之后你可能會(huì)使用這個(gè)單詞的場(chǎng)景，為這個(gè)場(chǎng)景編一個(gè)小故事，然后使用這個(gè)單詞。相比反復(fù)念讀單詞，這樣的方式，單詞的短時(shí)記憶就多牢固了一些，再通過(guò)間隔式復(fù)習(xí)和回想的方式，相對(duì)記住就容易很多。
We can also learn English words in this way, imagine a situation you met before or after you might use the word, make a short story about the situation, and then use the word. Compared with repeating words, this way, the short-term memory of words is more solid, and then through the interval review and recall, relatively easy to remember a lot.
3）寫(xiě)和自己表述 3) Write and express yourself
通過(guò)手寫(xiě)和說(shuō)的方式可以訓(xùn)練大腦的肌肉記憶。我們只是看著閱讀材料記憶，大腦運(yùn)作的神經(jīng)更多跟看有關(guān)的神經(jīng)，如果我們?cè)賻鲜謱?xiě)的動(dòng)作，或者嘴巴說(shuō)的動(dòng)作，大腦的相關(guān)的神經(jīng)也會(huì)被帶動(dòng)起來(lái)，這樣記住一個(gè)知識(shí)，所建立的神經(jīng)集合就更加豐富，記憶相對(duì)更牢固。例如，第一次看某方程式，從中你幾乎看不出端倪，但如果你有所思考的再紙上寫(xiě)上幾遍，神奇的是，這個(gè)方程式在腦海中變得鮮活且有意義。如出一轍，有些學(xué)習(xí)者會(huì)覺(jué)得朗讀問(wèn)題和公式能增進(jìn)理解。
Writing and speaking can train your brain's muscle memory. We just look at the reading material and remember, the brain operates more nerves related to watching, if we bring the handwriting movement, or the mouth movement, the brain will also be activated, so remember a knowledge, the nerve set will be richer, the memory is relatively stronger. For example, when you look at an equation for the first time, you can see almost nothing from it, but if you write it down on paper a few times, amazingly, the equation will come alive and make sense in your mind. Similarly, some learners may find that reading questions and formulas aloud improves comprehension.
所以，學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)候，多寫(xiě)多做筆記，或者遮住書(shū)，自己再表述一次，對(duì)短時(shí)牢固記住知識(shí)幫助很大。
So, when learning, write more notes, or cover the book, their own expression again, for a short time firmly remember knowledge to help a lot.
4）輔助：鍛煉和休息好 4) Auxiliary: Exercise and rest well
如果想要自己的記憶力和整體的學(xué)習(xí)能力得到大幅度的提高，最好的方式之一是進(jìn)行體育鍛煉。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，規(guī)律的鍛煉可以讓記憶力和學(xué)習(xí)能力得到實(shí)質(zhì)的提升。鍛煉有助于促進(jìn)記憶力相關(guān)的腦部新神經(jīng)元的形成。研究表明，有氧運(yùn)動(dòng)和阻力訓(xùn)練都會(huì)對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)和記憶發(fā)揮強(qiáng)大的效果。
One of the best ways to dramatically improve your memory and overall learning ability is to get physical exercise. Studies have found that regular exercise can actually improve memory and learning ability. Exercise promotes the formation of new neurons in the brain, which are involved in memory. Research shows that both aerobic exercise and resistance training have powerful effects on learning and memory.
睡眠對(duì)記憶的力的重要性，想必大家都知道。經(jīng)常熬夜的，沒(méi)有充足睡眠，會(huì)導(dǎo)致記憶力下降也是得到科學(xué)證明的。所以大家為了長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的發(fā)展，多鍛煉保持規(guī)律適量的睡眠很有必要。
We all know how important sleep is to the power of memory. Often stay up late, not enough sleep, will lead to memory decline is also scientifically proven. Therefore, for long-term development, it is necessary to exercise more and keep regular and appropriate sleep.
第一層面的知識(shí)分享到這里，下一期繼續(xù)分享下面兩個(gè)層面的內(nèi)容，感謝您的耐心觀看！
The first level of knowledge sharing is here, next issue to continue to share the following two levels of content, thank you for your patience to watch!
第二層面：如何學(xué)會(huì)一門(mén)知識(shí)？? Level 2: How to learn a knowledge?
第三層面：如何利用知識(shí)改變自己？? Level 3: How to use knowledge to change yourself?
