服從和旁觀者效應

Stanley Milgram' Experiment

The?experiment?implies?that?An?astonishing?large?proportion?of?people?will?cause?pain?to?other?people?in obedience?to?authority.

The?research?may?have?important?counterparts?in?the?real?world.?For?example,?Adolf?Eichmann,?who murdered?thousands?of?innocent?civilians?attributed?his?responsibility?to?his?merely?obeying?orders?issued by?his?superiors?in?the?Nazi?regime.

How?to?reduce?the?extent?of?obedience?

1.?Only?legitimate?authority?can?command?high?obedience

2.?The?physical?absence?of?authority?figure?reduces?the?extent?of?obedience.

3.?Distance?between?obedience?and?the?its?consequences?may?influence?the?extent?of?obedience.

Bystander?effect

The?presence?of?another?bystander?tends?to?inhibit?action.

Nonintervention?can?be?viewed?as?an?act?of?conformity.

Genovese?murder?case?&?Yosemite?camping?case

1.?The?feeling?of?"common?fate"?or?mutuality

2.?In?a?face-to-face?situation,?from?which?there?was?no?immediate?escape

How?to?increase?the tendency?of?help?

1.?Define?the?situation?as?an?emergency

2.?Lower?the?cost?of?helping

3.?Make?certain?that?they?can?be?helpful.

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