? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 英國衛(wèi)報(bào)：“群體免疫”真的有效嗎？
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Herd immunity: will the UK's coronavirus strategy work?
群體免疫：英國的策略真的有效嗎？
Ministers look to have?given up on?containment?in favour of?a?novel?approach some experts?are wary of.
containment?譯為“抑制，遏制”（the act of controlling or limiting something or someone harmful）
give up on?譯為“放棄；對~絕望/不再期待”（If you give up on something or someone, you decide that you will never succeed in doing what you want to with them, and you stop trying.）如：He urged them not to give up on peace efforts.他力勸他們不要對和平的努力感到絕望。
give up?也譯為“放棄；停止”?與上一個短語的不同是 give up 后面可什么都不跟?如：She has a struggle trying to persuade the board to accept her proposal, but she's determined not to give up.她努力勸說董事會接受她的提議的過程進(jìn)行的很艱難，但她決心不放棄。但give up on后必須跟名詞或代詞等，指定放棄的對象。當(dāng)然give up 后面也可以跟。如：He gave up possession of the house.?他放棄了這房子的所有權(quán)。常見表“放棄”的詞還有：abandon; desert; forsake?如：He decided to forsake politics for journalism.他決定放棄政治而投身新聞事業(yè)。
give up to?可譯為“使沉溺于”（to spend all your time and energy doing or feeling something）較常用的短語為：give up oneself to??如：After her death he gave himself over to grief.?她死后，他陷入悲痛之中。<寫作推薦>
in favour of?譯為“支持；贊成”（the support or approval of something or someone）如：Are you in favour of a ban on smoking?你支持禁煙嗎？表支持，贊成的單詞還有：advocate；support；in support of；approve；agree with
be wary of?譯為“對~提防，小心”如：be wary of seeking closure?當(dāng)心別作繭自縛?同義短語：precaution against；guard against
譯文：英國的部長們放棄了遏制政策，轉(zhuǎn)而采取新方法，一些專家對此表示擔(dān)憂。
Herd immunity?is a phrase normally used when large numbers of children have beenvaccinated?against a disease like?measles,?reducing the chances that others will get it. As atactic?in fighting a?pandemic?for which there is no vaccine, it is?novel?– and some say?alarming.
herd?本意為“獸群”可引申為“人群，群體”（a large group of people that is considered together as a group and not separately）
immunity?表“免疫”（a situation in which you are protected against disease or from legal action）如：The vaccination gives you immunity against the disease for up to six months.接種疫苗可使你對這種疾病免疫長達(dá)六個月。也可表“豁免，免除”（official protection from legal action, for example, not being judged in a court or punished for a crime）如：legal/judicial/diplomatic immunity?法律/司法/外交豁免權(quán)
vaccinate?譯為“注射疫苗”（to give someone a vaccine, usually by injection, to prevent them from getting a disease）如：The children were vaccinated against the major childhood diseases.?孩子們接種了預(yù)防主要兒童疾病的疫苗。Vaccination Certificate?檢疫證明書
measles?譯為“麻疹”
tactic?譯為“方法，策略”（a planned way of doing something）如：These bomb attacks represent a change of tactics by the terrorists.?這些炸彈襲擊表明恐怖分子改變了策略。
pandemic?譯為“流行性疾病”（a dangerous disease that infects many people at one time）也可作為形容詞，表“流行的”（通常指疾病）如：pandemic influenza?流感
alarming?譯為“令人擔(dān)心的；令人害怕的”（causing worry or fear）?近義詞有：appalling；dismaying；frightful；horrifying
譯文：當(dāng)大量兒童注射麻疹之類的疫苗來降低其他人感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)使，我們使用“群體免疫”這個詞。而用這種策略來對抗還沒有疫苗的流行病是聞所未聞的，一些人對此表示擔(dān)憂。
It relies on people getting the disease – in this case Covid-19 – and becoming?immune?as a result.?Generally it is thought that?those who recover will be immune, at least for now, so they won’t get it twice.
immune?譯為“免疫的”（protected against a particular disease by particular substances in the blood）如：The vaccine would make infants immune to bacteria that can cause middle ear infections.該疫苗將使嬰兒對引起中耳感染的細(xì)菌具有免疫力。又可理解為“不受~影響”（not affected or upset by a particular type of behaviour or emotion）常見的短語為be immune to?Her mother is immune to criticism from strangers.?她母親不受陌生人批評的影響。
譯文：這種策略需要人們感染這種疾病--在這里指新冠肺炎，最終獲得免疫力。至少現(xiàn)在人們普遍認(rèn)為那些感染疾病后能恢復(fù)正常的人將獲得免疫力，因此他們便不會再二次染病。
But allowing the population to?build up?immunity in this way – rather than through widespread testing,?tracking down?the contacts of every case and?isolating?them, as many other countries in Asia and Europe have chosen to do – could increase the risk to the most?vulnerable: older people with?underlying?health problems.
build up?表“增強(qiáng)；增長”（an increase in the amount of something over a period of time）
track down?表“找到，搜尋到”（to find something or someone after looking for them in a lot of different places）
isolate?表“隔離,孤立”如在考研試題中出現(xiàn)的：Cultures that were previously isolated and homogeneous ,are now facing sort of cultural variety that has been common in America for most of history.以前孤立且同質(zhì)的文化，目前正面臨這種文化的多樣性—這在美國大部分歷史上很常見。
vulnerable?在UN News：啃老族的激增講過，大家可以直接點(diǎn)擊去看看
underlying?可表“潛在的”（real but not immediately obvious）如：The underlying message of the film is that love transcends everything else.?這部電影隱含的信息是，愛超越一切。
與上個詞非常像的詞 underlie 表示“成為~基礎(chǔ)”簡單的記就是“導(dǎo)致；引起”如：Psychological problems very often underlie apparently physical disorders.?心理問題常常會導(dǎo)致明顯的生理障礙。
譯文：但是讓人們通過這種方式建立免疫力，而不是亞洲和歐洲的許多國家所采用的方法：廣泛的檢測、追蹤每一位病例的接觸史并且將他們隔離，這種方法可能會增加高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)人群的感染風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，比如說有潛在健康問題的老年人。
To reach herd immunity, about 60% of the population would need to get ill and become immune, according to Sir Patrick Vallance, the government’s?chief?scientific adviser. Though it could need?as much as?70% or more. Even scientists who understand the strategy are?anxious.?“I do worry that making plans that?assume?such a large?proportion?of the population will become infected (and hopefully recovered and immune) may not be the very best that we can do,” said Martin Hibberd, professor of emerging infectious disease at the London School of?Hygiene?&Tropical?Medicine.
chief?表“主要的，首要的”?如：Chief Executive Officer?簡稱CEO與此相同意思的詞有：primary；major；central；leading
as much as+數(shù)字?譯為“高達(dá)，多達(dá)”，用來強(qiáng)調(diào)數(shù)量非常大。
assume?表“認(rèn)為，假定”（to accept something as true without question or proof）如有一年的考研中出現(xiàn)的：The biggest problem is that couples assume each other knows what is going on with their finances.?最大的問題是，夫妻以為對方了解他們的財(cái)務(wù)狀況。還可以表“承擔(dān)”如：assume responsibility/liability?承擔(dān)責(zé)任
proportion?表“部分，份兒”與此相似的詞有：part；ratio；scale?如：direct proportion?正比；inverse proportion?反比；out of proportion?不成比例?The results you achieve will be in direct proportion to the effort you apply.你取得的成就將和你付出的努力成正比。
hygiene?為名詞表示“衛(wèi)生”（the practice or principles of keeping yourself and your environment clean in order to maintain health and prevent disease）常見的短語：personal hygiene?個人衛(wèi)生；oral hygiene?口腔衛(wèi)生
與上個詞相似的詞?sanitary?表“衛(wèi)生的；清潔的”如：sanitary towel?衛(wèi)生巾；sanitary inspection?衛(wèi)生檢查?其名詞形式?sanitation?表“衛(wèi)生系統(tǒng)”（the systems for taking dirty water and other waste products away from buildings in order to protect people's health）
tropical?表“熱帶的”常見詞組：tropical forest?熱帶雨林；tropical climate?熱帶氣候；tropical storm熱帶風(fēng)暴? 相關(guān)詞匯：Subtropical亞熱帶的；temperate zone溫帶；frigid zone寒帶
譯文：根據(jù)政府的首席科學(xué)顧問Patrick Vallance先生的說法，要達(dá)到群體免疫，大約60%的人需要患病并獲得免疫。這一數(shù)字可能達(dá)到百分之七十或更高。即使是理解這一策略的科學(xué)家們也不禁有些緊張。倫敦衛(wèi)生學(xué)與熱帶醫(yī)學(xué)學(xué)院新傳染病學(xué)教授馬丁·希伯德表示：“我確實(shí)比較擔(dān)心，假設(shè)這么多的人口感染這個疾?。ㄏＭ麜祻?fù)，然后免疫），再由此制定計(jì)劃，這可能不是我們最應(yīng)該做的事。
The government’s “nudge?unit” seems to favour this strategy. Dr David Halpern, a psychologist who?heads?the Behavioural Insights Team, said on BBC News: “There’s going to be a point, assuming the epidemic flows and grows, as we think it probably will do, where you’ll want tococoon, you’ll want to protect those at-risk groups so that they basically don’t catch the disease and?by the time?they come out of their cocooning, herd immunity’s been achieved in the rest of the population.”
nudge?的意思“推動，輕推”?“nudge?unit”可譯為“助推小組”，這是一個由英國政府組建的機(jī)構(gòu)，旨在制定通過幫助公民做出更好的選擇來提高公共福利的政策。
head?這里是動詞指“領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，負(fù)責(zé)”
cocoon?名詞表示“繭”，動詞表“把~緊緊包??；保護(hù)”（to protect someone or something from pain or an unpleasant situation）如：As a student you're cocooned against the real world.?作為一名學(xué)生，你被保護(hù)起來免受真實(shí)世界的傷害。
by the time?表“到~的時(shí)候”如：By the time you read this, there numbers will probably have doubled.當(dāng)你讀到這段話的時(shí)候，這個數(shù)字很可能已經(jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)了翻番。
譯文：政府的“助推小組”似乎支持這種策略。小組負(fù)責(zé)人大衛(wèi)·哈爾珀恩博士在接受BBC采訪時(shí)說：“假設(shè)這種疾病按我們所設(shè)想的傳播，遲早會出現(xiàn)這樣一個階段：你想自我隔離，你想保護(hù)那些高危人群，他們就基本上不會染病。當(dāng)他們走出隔離時(shí)，群體免疫已經(jīng)在剩余人口中實(shí)現(xiàn)了?！?/p>
