CFA 2017--- Reading 34 Corporate Governance

Corporate governance : can be defined as “the system of internal controls and procedures by which individual companies are managed.
describe a company’s stakeholder groups and compare interests of stakeholder groups;

There is evidence that some movement toward global convergence of corporate governance systems is underway. One trend is the increased acceptance and adoption of corporate governance regulations with similar principles from one jurisdiction to another.

General Meetings 股東大會(huì)

AGM

公司通常要求在其會(huì)計(jì)年度結(jié)束后的某一時(shí)間內(nèi)召開(kāi)年度股東大會(huì)。
The main purpose of those meetings is to present shareholders with the annual audited financial statements of the company, provide an overview of the company’s performance and activities, and address shareholder questions.

Shareholders required to:

  • approve the financial statements,
  • discharge directors of their duties,
  • appoint external auditors,
  • vote on the remuneration of the board and/or top management.(薪酬)
EGM臨時(shí)股東大會(huì)

Extraordinary general meetings can be called by the company or by shareholders throughout the year when significant resolutions requiring shareholder approval are proposed.
These resolutions might relate to :

  • proposed material corporate changes, such as amendments to the company’s bylaws or rights attached to a class of shares,
  • mergers and acquisitions,
  • the sale of significant corporate assets or businesses.
一些需要特殊投票通過(guò)率的規(guī)定(75%)

Such special resolutions may include:

  • amendments to bylaws,
  • voting on a merger or takeover transaction,
  • waiving pre-emptive rights.
    這樣會(huì)讓大股東沒(méi)那么容易影響小股東的利益。
proxy voting代理人投票

找別人代理投票,幫助小股東,尤其是那些不愿意到現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的人,更好地行使權(quán)力

cumulative voting累計(jì)投票

如果選取董事會(huì)成員時(shí),如果選取1人,卻有好幾張選票。


Composition of the Board of Directors 董事會(huì)的構(gòu)成

董事會(huì)的結(jié)構(gòu)和數(shù)量沒(méi)有單一或最佳的結(jié)構(gòu)。董事會(huì)人員要求有公司行業(yè)的專(zhuān)門(mén)知識(shí),以及在某些職能方面的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。許多公司在董事會(huì)的組成中尋求年齡、性別和種族差異。

one-tier董事會(huì)由執(zhí)行董事和非執(zhí)行董事組成。執(zhí)行(或內(nèi)部)董事受雇于公司,通常是高級(jí)管理人員。非執(zhí)行董事提供客觀的決策、監(jiān)督和績(jī)效評(píng)估。獨(dú)立董事是一種特定類(lèi)型的非執(zhí)行董事,與公司在雇用、所有權(quán)或報(bào)酬方面沒(méi)有實(shí)質(zhì)性的關(guān)系。

two-tier中supervisory 和management boards是相互獨(dú)立的。監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)一般禁止management boards的人在supervisory board任職,或限制任職人數(shù)。Employee representatives通常由公司雇員選出,在大公司中可占supervisory board一半。

  • “CEO duities”,CEO也擔(dān)任董事會(huì)主席。
  • 今年,尤其美國(guó),兩個(gè)角色在逐漸分離。
  • 任命首席獨(dú)立董事是一種替代辦法,沒(méi)有CEO雙重性的公司董事會(huì)實(shí)行。
  • 首席獨(dú)立董事一般有權(quán)要求和監(jiān)督所有獨(dú)立董事的會(huì)議。
  • Duality is not applicable in two-tier structures。監(jiān)事會(huì)主席通常是外部的,而首席執(zhí)行官通常是管理委員會(huì)的主席。

Functions and Responsibilities of the Board 董事會(huì)職責(zé)與功能

Two widely established elements of directors’ responsibilities are the duty of care and the duty of loyalty.
Duty of care requires board members to act on a fully informed basis, in good faith, with due diligence and care.
Duty of loyalty is the duty of the board member to act in the interest of the company and shareholders.

董事會(huì)指導(dǎo)和批準(zhǔn)公司的戰(zhàn)略方向,同時(shí)考慮到公司的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)狀況。它將公司戰(zhàn)略的實(shí)施委托給高級(jí)管理人員,監(jiān)督戰(zhàn)略的執(zhí)行,并設(shè)立里程碑來(lái)監(jiān)測(cè)實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)的進(jìn)展。董事會(huì)亦檢討公司業(yè)績(jī),并據(jù)此決定有關(guān)的行動(dòng)方針。在這樣做時(shí),董事會(huì)可以監(jiān)督和評(píng)估管理層的業(yè)績(jī),并決定高管薪酬是否符合公司的長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)利益。董事會(huì)還負(fù)責(zé)甄選、任命和終止雇用高級(jí)管理人員(或管理層以雙層結(jié)構(gòu)為例)。董事會(huì)的主要職責(zé)之一是確保CEO和其他主要高管的繼任計(jì)劃,確保領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的連續(xù)性。


Board of Directors Committees董事會(huì)委員會(huì)

Audit Committee

審計(jì)委員會(huì)監(jiān)督公司的審計(jì)和控制系統(tǒng)并確保其有效性。
委員會(huì)監(jiān)督財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告的過(guò)程,包括:

  • the application of accounting policies
  • ensures the integrity of financial statements
  • supervises the internal audit function and ensures its independence and competence。
  • presents an annual audit plan to the board and monitors its implementation by the internal audit function. 提出年度審計(jì)計(jì)劃并監(jiān)控其執(zhí)行董事會(huì)的內(nèi)部審計(jì)職能
  • 審計(jì)委員會(huì)還負(fù)責(zé)建議任命一名獨(dú)立的外聘審計(jì)員并提出審計(jì)人員的報(bào)酬。內(nèi)部和外部審計(jì)員都向?qū)徲?jì)委員會(huì)報(bào)告其調(diào)查結(jié)果,審計(jì)委員會(huì)又提出對(duì)突出問(wèn)題或事項(xiàng)的補(bǔ)救行動(dòng)。
Governance Committee

治理(或公司治理)委員會(huì)的主要作用是確保公司采用良好的公司治理做法。為此,委員會(huì)制定并監(jiān)督執(zhí)行公司治理守則、董事會(huì)及其委員會(huì)的章程,以及公司的道德守則和利益沖突政策。治理委員會(huì)定期審查這些政策,以納入該領(lǐng)域的任何監(jiān)管要求或相關(guān)的事態(tài)發(fā)展。最重要的是,委員會(huì)監(jiān)測(cè)整個(gè)公司的治理政策和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的執(zhí)行情況,以及遵守適用法律法規(guī)的情況。如果發(fā)現(xiàn)任何缺陷或違反法律或法規(guī),建議采取補(bǔ)救行動(dòng)。在一些公司中,治理委員會(huì)可能負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)督董事會(huì)的年度評(píng)價(jià),以確保其結(jié)構(gòu)和活動(dòng)與治理原則相一致。

Remuneration or Compensation Committee

董事會(huì)薪酬(或薪酬)委員會(huì)專(zhuān)門(mén)研究薪酬事宜。該委員會(huì)為董事和主要管理人員制定并提出薪酬政策,并提交董事會(huì)或股東批準(zhǔn)。委員會(huì)還可參與處理經(jīng)理和董事的合同,以及制定業(yè)績(jī)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和評(píng)價(jià)管理人員的業(yè)績(jī)。薪酬委員會(huì)的職責(zé)可擴(kuò)展至在涉及薪酬事宜時(shí)為公司制定人力資源政策。在一些公司,薪酬委員會(huì)還制定和監(jiān)督雇員福利計(jì)劃的實(shí)施,包括保險(xiǎn)、退休金、離職福利和退休計(jì)劃(包括監(jiān)測(cè)福利計(jì)劃基金的投資業(yè)績(jī))。

Nomination Committee

提名委員會(huì)確定有資格擔(dān)任董事的候選人,并建議其提名由股東選舉。委員會(huì)還制定了提名程序和政策,包括董事會(huì)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、搜索程序和確定合格的董事職位候選人。董事獨(dú)立性,包括構(gòu)成獨(dú)立董事的獨(dú)立性,也是提名委員會(huì)的職能。通過(guò)這些角色,提名委員會(huì)有助于確保董事會(huì)的組成平衡良好,符合公司的治理原則。

Risk Committee

風(fēng)險(xiǎn)委員會(huì)協(xié)助董事會(huì)確定公司的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)政策、個(gè)人形象和胃口。因此,委員會(huì)監(jiān)督建立企業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理計(jì)劃并監(jiān)測(cè)其執(zhí)行情況。它還監(jiān)督公司的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理職能,定期收到報(bào)告,并向董事會(huì)報(bào)告其調(diào)查結(jié)果和建議。

Investment Committee

董事會(huì)投資委員會(huì)審查管理層提出的物質(zhì)投資機(jī)會(huì),并考慮其對(duì)公司的可行性。這些機(jī)會(huì)包括大型項(xiàng)目、收購(gòu)和擴(kuò)張計(jì)劃,以及出售或重大資產(chǎn)出售。委員會(huì)經(jīng)常在必要時(shí)挑戰(zhàn)投資前景的管理假設(shè),監(jiān)測(cè)投資業(yè)績(jī),并向董事會(huì)報(bào)告調(diào)查結(jié)果。委員會(huì)通常負(fù)責(zé)制定和修訂公司的投資戰(zhàn)略和政策。

Market Factors

Shareholder Engagement

shareholder engagement involved:

  • the annual shareholder meeting
  • analyst calls

engagement with shareholders can provide:

  • building support against short-term activist investors
  • countering negative recommendations from proxy advisory firms
  • receiving greater support for management’s position.
Shareholder Activism 股東權(quán)益運(yùn)動(dòng)

Shareholder Activism是指股東試圖迫使公司按所期望的方式行事的運(yùn)動(dòng)。
激進(jìn)股東的主要?jiǎng)訖C(jī)是增加股東價(jià)值,激進(jìn)股東積極分子可能會(huì)采取更多的策略,例如打官司,狀告董事和官員未能充分為公司及其股東利益行事。在許多國(guó)家,法律限制激進(jìn)股東打官司,通常通告提高費(fèi)用,或者直接拒絕。

對(duì)沖基金是最主要的股東激進(jìn)活動(dòng)。對(duì)沖基金監(jiān)管松弛。

Non-market factor

Legal Environment

Locations that have a common law system (such as the United Kingdom, the United States, India, Hong Kong, and Canada) are generally considered to offer superior protection of the interests of shareholders and creditors relative to those that have adopted a civil law system (such as France, Germany, Italy, and Japan).

In common law systems, shareholders and creditors have the ability to appeal to a judge to rule against management actions and decisions that are not expressly forbidden by statute or code, whereas in civil law systems, this option is generally not possible.

債權(quán)人糾紛往往比股東糾紛更好解決。


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