根據(jù)Hans Eysenck(1967)的人格理論，神經(jīng)質(zhì)與對壓力或厭惡刺激的耐忍度低有關(guān)，是一種經(jīng)典的氣質(zhì)特征，神經(jīng)質(zhì)得分高的人情緒反應強烈，容易受到壓力的影響。例如，神經(jīng)質(zhì)與悲觀的工作態(tài)度有關(guān)，與工作壓力帶來的更高程度的焦慮有關(guān)。情緒調(diào)節(jié)方面的問題會削弱一個神經(jīng)質(zhì)程度高的人在“清晰思考、做決定和有效應對壓力”方面的能力(Jeronimus et al., 2014; Jeronimus et al., 2013)。請注意，神經(jīng)質(zhì)與弗洛伊德所說的神經(jīng)質(zhì)(即神經(jīng)癥)相似但不完全相同。一些心理學家更喜歡把神經(jīng)質(zhì)稱為情緒不穩(wěn)定，以區(qū)別于職業(yè)測試中的神經(jīng)質(zhì)。神經(jīng)質(zhì)人格根據(jù)大五人格結(jié)構(gòu)的示例：

我很容易緊張。

我擔心一些事情。

我很容易被打擾。

我很容易心煩。

我的情緒變化很大。

我的情緒經(jīng)常不穩(wěn)定。

我很容易生氣。

我經(jīng)常感到憂郁。

我大部分時間都很放松。(逆轉(zhuǎn)為積極情緒時)

我很少感到憂郁。(逆轉(zhuǎn)為積極情緒時)

生活壓力的不斷變化或積累是否會改變?nèi)烁褡兞?具有某些人格特征的人是否就經(jīng)歷更多的壓力源并承受更大的壓力嗎?性格，反映了對特質(zhì)相關(guān)挑戰(zhàn)反應的大小或可能性的差異，可以影響一個人的生活經(jīng)歷；同樣，生活經(jīng)歷可以塑造一個人的性格(Caspi?et al.，2005)。生活經(jīng)歷的影響不能與人格獨立看待(Magnus et al., 1993)，部分原因是遺傳影響(Clarke et al.，?2018)。個體差異可能會改變個體所暴露的壓力的數(shù)量和內(nèi)容，反之也可能會改變個體對其周圍環(huán)境、關(guān)系和行為的看法(Jeronimus et al., 2014)。

壓力互動主義模型假設(shè)了一個人的反應和壓力情境之間的雙向關(guān)系，這個模型的現(xiàn)代發(fā)展區(qū)分了應激原因(應激，如生活事件，可能會導致個體人格特征的改變，進而影響他們對壓力事件的反應)和壓力選擇(一個或多個個體人格特征可能會增加生活事件的壓力程度)(Conger & Donnellan, 2007)。使生活產(chǎn)生變化的主要的生活事件，是指發(fā)生在個人控制范圍之外的壓力源，如親人去世、醫(yī)療疾病、離婚、車禍或被解雇等(Bender et al., 2010)。情景性生活事件，如人際沖突或幾種形式的工作傷害(如破壞、翻白眼和當面或背后的評論)，如果這些難以解決且持續(xù)時間較長，這樣的長期適應可能變成慢性壓力而影響身心健康(Cheng & Li, 2010; Hampel et al., 2009; Wilson et al., 2011)。 甚至，偶發(fā)性的生活事件對心理和生理健康都是有影響的挑戰(zhàn)。

隨著對壓力相關(guān)疾病的風險因素的研究越來越多，人們對神經(jīng)質(zhì)在壓力應對中的角色越來越感興趣(Hettema et al., 2004)。神經(jīng)質(zhì)被認為是一種特別重要的人格構(gòu)造，因為它與增加的生活壓力和消極的生活結(jié)果有關(guān)(Jeronimus et al., 2015)，是一種經(jīng)過充分研究的全球性人格特征，它促進了對壓力源(包括環(huán)境威脅和挑戰(zhàn))反應的一致性(McCrae & Costa, 1997; Plomin, 1994)。神經(jīng)質(zhì)程度高的個體對壓力情境的反應更強烈(Bolger & Schilling, 1991; Bolger & Zuckerman, 1995)，而較少具備能夠幫助保護他們免受慢性壓力的負面健康影響的應對技能(Gunthert et al., 1999)。如工作壓力，會對神經(jīng)質(zhì)得分高的人產(chǎn)生比那些得分低的人更強烈的影響(Suls & Martin, 2005)。神經(jīng)質(zhì)因素，被認為是參與對壓力源反應的最顯著的人格變量(Lahey, 2009; Tyssen et al., 2007)。高水平的神經(jīng)質(zhì)可以預測軀體癥狀(Watson & Pennebaker, 1989)、焦慮癥狀(Clark et al., 1994)、抑郁癥狀(Widiger et al., 1999)、憤怒和攻擊性(Martin et al., 2000)、飲食失調(diào)(Hollin et al., 1985)和人際沖突(Bolger & Zuckerman, 1995)。有時候，不要低估輕微的爭吵和壓力與一些負面的結(jié)果的相關(guān)影響，可能比主要的壓力更大（如親人的死亡或失業(yè)）(Chamberlain & Zika, 1990)。高度神經(jīng)質(zhì)的人更有可能經(jīng)歷低質(zhì)量的友誼、社會生活、浪漫和家庭關(guān)系，并不一定會增加一個人經(jīng)歷環(huán)境不穩(wěn)定或長期財務(wù)或健康問題的可能性(Metts et al., 2021),?即高度神經(jīng)質(zhì)預示著較低的社會支持(Kendler et al., 2002)、較低的關(guān)系滿意度(O’meara & South, 2019)和較差的婚姻質(zhì)量(bareds, 2005)。

幫助神經(jīng)質(zhì)水平較高的人管理他們的威脅感知和提高感知的有效性?(Liu et al., 2021)，應用壓力管理技術(shù)(如認知重組、解決問題、自我指導)可以有效改變威脅感和自我效能感，最終降低壓力感(Bíró et al., 2017; Gaab et al., 2003)。正念和認知行為療法，可以針對升高的神經(jīng)質(zhì)(Armstrong & Rimes, 2016; Sauer-Zavala et al., 2020)，這可能會減少進一步暴露于慢性人際壓力或依賴的非人際壓力生活事件，如人際壓力：角色域(a)親密友誼(b)社會生活(c)浪漫關(guān)系(d)家庭關(guān)系；而(e)鄰里/宿舍環(huán)境(f)學習成績(g)工作環(huán)境(h)經(jīng)濟狀況(h)(一)個人健康和(j)家庭成員健康被認為與人際關(guān)系無關(guān)(Metts et al., 2021)。此外，平靜是一種可以學習或獲得的性格力量，而神經(jīng)質(zhì)是一種更容易穩(wěn)定和難以改變的性格特征。研究表明，具有高神經(jīng)質(zhì)特征的個體容易經(jīng)歷高感知壓力水平，但高平靜水平可能會緩沖抑郁癥狀的發(fā)展?(Wongpakaran et al., 2021)。

人格被定義為一種或多或少穩(wěn)定的、持久的思想、情感和行為模式(Ryckman, 2004)。人格理論主要被五因素模型所主導(McCrae & Costa, 1990)，該模型確定了五個領(lǐng)域?qū)用娴囊蛩?，?神經(jīng)質(zhì)或情緒不穩(wěn)定、外向性、盡責性、開放性和親和性。大五人格特征是對人格特征的一種分類或分組，自20世紀80年代心理學特質(zhì)理論發(fā)展起來。主要是指：

對經(jīng)驗的開放性(創(chuàng)造性/好奇vs.一致/謹慎)

責任心(高效/有組織vs.奢侈/粗心)

外向性(外向/精力充沛vs.孤獨/內(nèi)向)

親和性(友好/富有同情心vs.挑剔/理性)

神經(jīng)質(zhì)(敏感/緊張vs.彈性/自信)

這五個因素的標簽可以用首字母縮寫“OCEAN”或“CANOE”來記住(Roccas et al., 2002)。

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