1. 名詞在句中的用法和解析

名詞從詞源上講，可以表述為：

1.1 分類：普通名詞，專用名詞，或抽象名詞。

1.2 文法格式：數(shù)，性，格。

除第一人稱和第二人稱之外，名詞不需要考慮人稱。

1.3 用法：名詞在句子中，充當(dāng)9種功能或有9種用法。

I. 充當(dāng)主語(subject)?！粋€(gè)名詞可以作為動(dòng)詞主語的主格。

解析模型示例：

The bugle’s note and cannon’s roar the death-like slilence broke.( 軍號和大炮的轟鳴打破了死亡般的寂靜。)

note…………………….是普通名詞，單數(shù)，性為中性，充當(dāng)主格——?jiǎng)釉~“broke”的主語。

roar…………………….(解析同note)

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從詞源角度解析下列句子中名詞主語：

1. Water consists of two gases.

2. Napoleon went to Egypt with forty sail-of-the-line.

3. Life's but a walking shadow.

4. Holy and heavenly tboughta shall counsel her.

5. Then rose from sea to sky the wild farewell.

6. The boy stood on the burning deck,Whence all but him had fled.

7. Kindness to animals is a duty of all.

II. 使用所有格(possessive)?！粋€(gè)名詞可以有所有格作為其屬性，也就是說使用所有格，在含義上限制或修飾與其相結(jié)合的名詞。

解析模型示例：

The bugle’s note and cannon’s roar the death-like slilence broke.

bugle’s…………………….是普通名詞，單數(shù)，性為中性，充當(dāng)屬格——限制名詞“note”。

cannon’s……………………是普通名詞，單數(shù)，性為中性，充當(dāng)屬格——限制名詞“roar”。

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從詞源角度解析下列句子中名詞的屬格：

1. The spider's web is a wonderful piece of work.

2. Some judge of authors' names, not works.

3. See laurels on the bald first C?sar's head.

4. This is my fathers' ancient burial-place.

5. So sha11 the Northern pioneer go joyful on his way,

To wed Penobscot's waters to San Francisco's bay.

6. Progress, Liberty's proud teacher;

Progress, Labor's sure reward.

III. 充當(dāng)賓語(object)?！粋€(gè)名詞可以充當(dāng)及物動(dòng)詞賓語的賓格。

解析模型示例：

The bugle’s note and cannon’s roar the death-like slilence broke.

slilence..............一個(gè)抽像名詞，單數(shù)，性為中性，作為賓格——?jiǎng)釉~“broke”的賓語(賓語在這里是倒裝詩歌語序，一般賓語的位置是在控制單詞之后)。

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從詞源角度解析下列句子中名詞的賓格：

1. I met a little cottage girl.

2. The Muses haunt clear spring or shady grove or sunny hill

8. The reindeer draws the Laplander's sledge.

4. The Laplander defies the severity of bis native climate.

5. When be rend the note, he shook his head, and obsenved that an affair of this sort demanded the utmost circumspection.

6. We carved not a line, we raised not a stone.

7. Enough, enough; sit down and share A soldier's couch, a soldier's fare.

8. Who would bear the whips and scorns of time,The oppressor's wrong, t the proud man's contumely.

IV. 與前置詞組合構(gòu)成短語?！粋€(gè)名詞可以通過前置詞與其它的單詞連接，可以解析為前置詞的賓語。

解析模型示例：

The army crossed the river by a bridge made of pontoon-boats.

bridge…………..是一個(gè)普通名詞，單數(shù)，性為中性，賓格——依賴前置詞“by.”

pontoon-boats……………是一個(gè)普通名詞，復(fù)數(shù)，性為中性，賓格——依賴前置詞“of.”

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從詞源角度解析下列句子中由前置詞支配的賓語：

1. The Gauls were conquered by C?sar.

2. We gazed with Inexpressible pleasure on those hnppy islands.

3. The end of government is the good of mankind.

4. There came to the beach a poor exile of Erin.

5. From peak to peak the rattling crags among, Leaps the live th under.

6. Out flew MIiiions of flaming swords drawn from the thighs of mighty cherubim.

V. 充當(dāng)間接賓語?！~可以以賓格的形式充當(dāng)動(dòng)詞的間接賓語。間接賓語很好識(shí)別：它出現(xiàn)在直接賓語前，回答了這樣的問題：“For or to whom?”(為誰或者對誰？) “For or to what？”(為什么或?qū)κ裁矗?

注：在最早期的英語中，有一個(gè)專用的詞尾變換用于表示間接賓語。這稱為與格(dative)，從字面意思理解，就是給與格(giving)，因?yàn)檫@種詞尾變換格式主要用于give，lend，send以及類似這樣的單詞之后。例如——

(早期英語)——This king gave large gifts minister-um.

(現(xiàn)代英語)——This king gave [to] the ministers large gifts.——Abbott’s Shakespearean Grammar.

解析模型示例：

1. We gave the man a book.

2. Sockrates taught Plato philosophy.

man………….一個(gè)普通名詞，單數(shù)，男性，賓格——?jiǎng)釉~“gave”的間接賓語。

Plato………….一個(gè)專用名詞，單數(shù)，男性，賓格——?jiǎng)釉~“taught”的間接賓語。

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從詞源角度解析下列句子中由名詞充當(dāng)?shù)拈g接賓語：

1. This king gave the ministers large gifts.

2. The judge granted the prisoner a full pardon.

3. Ascham taught Lady Jane Grey the Greek language.

4. Lend the poor man a dollar.

5. We sent the teacher a request.

VI. 充當(dāng)同位語(apposition)?！~可以用于解析另一個(gè)名詞，或者作為另一個(gè)詞的別名，或者換一種說法進(jìn)行闡述，就稱其為同位語，或者被解釋詞的同位語且與其屬同樣的格(主格，屬格，或賓格)。(apposition來自ad,意為“near，或alongside of ”，和ponere，意為“to place或to put”，可能也有介于中間(intervening)的詞，但是沒有連接詞；兩個(gè)單詞都作為句子相同的成員。)

解析模型示例：

1. Ali reclined, a man of war and woes. (Ali躺下，一名飽經(jīng)戰(zhàn)亂的戰(zhàn)士。)

man……………..一個(gè)普通名詞，單數(shù)且是男性；主格，因?yàn)椤癆li”作為，以同位語的方式，作為動(dòng)詞“reclined”的主語。

2. We beheld the Mississippi，that mighty river.(我們看到了密西西比河，那條大河。)

river…………..普通名詞，單數(shù)，中性，以賓格的形式，與“Mississippi”成為同位語，作為動(dòng)詞“beheld”的賓語。

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從詞源角度解析下列句子中由名詞充當(dāng)?shù)耐徽Z：

1. Next came Thomas， the boy that cleans the boots.

2. Then we saw Thoms，the boy that cleans the boots.

3. Washington, the father of his country, was the first president of the United States.

4. Whang the mlller was very avaricious.

5. We admire Milton, the great English poet.

VII. 充當(dāng)謂語主格(predicate nominative)?！粋€(gè)名詞可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)在某種不及物動(dòng)詞或被動(dòng)動(dòng)詞之后，或者可能將某種不及物動(dòng)詞或被動(dòng)動(dòng)詞的含義補(bǔ)充完整，且仍然與這個(gè)動(dòng)詞的主語一樣，表示同樣的人或事物，則稱這個(gè)名詞為謂語主格(the predicate nominative)。

例如，在句子中，“The author of this book is my brother，”“brother”是述語(predicate)，但是它不是動(dòng)詞的賓語，因?yàn)閯?dòng)詞“is”判定“author”和“brother”是等效的，同于“author”是主格，“brother”也必須是一樣是主格。我們可以說，“The author of this book is?I”(主格)，不是“is me”(注意格)。

解析模型示例：

1. Tennyson is a poet.

poet…………………..普通名詞，單數(shù)，性為男性，主格——位于動(dòng)詞“is”之后的謂語主格。

2. Washington was elected present in 1789.

present……………………..普通名詞，單數(shù)，性為男性，主格——位于動(dòng)詞“was elected”之后的謂語主格。

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從詞源角度解析下列句子中由名詞充當(dāng)?shù)闹^語主格：

1. And , Saxon , I am Roderick Dhu .

2. The earth is a planet.

3. Mary still seemed a queen ( = was a queen in seeming, or appearance ).

4. King William of Prussia became Emperor of Germany in 1871 .

5. He was a man , take him for all in all, I shall not look upon his like again.

VIII. 充當(dāng)獨(dú)立主格和絕對主格?！~可以充當(dāng)獨(dú)立主格(independant)或絕對主格(absolute)：例如——

(1)?Horatius，saith the consul，as thou sayest，so let it be.

(執(zhí)政官說，Horatius，照你所說的，隨你去吧。)

(2) The?storm?having ceased，we departed.

暴風(fēng)雨停了，我們離開了。

1. 獨(dú)立主格(nominative independant)。——在上面例子(1)中，名詞“Horatius”并沒有依賴于句中任何其它詞匯的文法關(guān)系，因此，說它是獨(dú)立的(independant)，并且，它又解析為主格。

2.?絕對主格(nominative absolute)。——在上面例子(2)中，名詞“storm”與句子任何其它單詞都沒有語法關(guān)系，這個(gè)句子不是這樣“The storm ceased，and we departed，”或者“When?The storm ceased，we departed，”而是這樣“The storm having ceased，we departed.” 詞匯“The storm having ceased”組成了一個(gè)短語，當(dāng)在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中發(fā)了一個(gè)名詞，就將它就解釋為絕對主格。(在這兒，從與英語語言的歷史一致性講，比前面的獨(dú)立主格和后面的主格獨(dú)立與稱謂(nominative independent by address))，從者更認(rèn)同將這種結(jié)構(gòu)同前面的獨(dú)立主格區(qū)分開，并將其稱為絕對主格。絕對主格主應(yīng)于拉丁語“ablative(absolute)”，而在這兒稱為獨(dú)立主格的術(shù)語對應(yīng)于拉丁語vocative.)

解析模型示例：

1. Mary，your lilies are in bloom. (Mary，你的百合花開了。)

Mary…………………..專用名詞，第二人稱，單數(shù)，性為女性，獨(dú)立主格。

2. The river not being fordable，we had to make a great detour.

(這條河不能涉水而過，我們必須繞道而行。)

river……………………..普通名詞，單數(shù)，性為中性，絕對主格。

IX. 充當(dāng)目的狀語(objective adverbial)。——當(dāng)一個(gè)名詞以副詞的被用于修飾動(dòng)詞，或形容詞，描述時(shí)間，距離，價(jià)值等：例如——

(1) We walked a?mile. (我們走了一英里。)

(2) You are a?foot?taller than I. (你比我高一英尺。)

(3) The battle lasted three?days. (這場戰(zhàn)斗持續(xù)3天。)

在這種用法中，名詞稱為目的狀語(很多文法學(xué)家將這種用法的名詞解析為受前置詞支配理解(“We walked for a mile，”“You are taller by a foot，”等等。) 但是，句中并未提供前置詞，永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)有。這種格式的名詞是早期英語屬格(genitive)和與格(dative——用于表示量度，時(shí)間，等等)的偽裝格式。因此，“Three furlongs broad”在Anglo-Saxon語中表示“threora furlanga brad，”句中，“furlanga”是屬格。因此，這種表達(dá)式“bound?hand?and?foot.”是Anglo-Saxon語言中的“bound hand-um?and f?t-um”=(as regards(或in) hand and foot)，名詞是與格)。

解析模型示例：

That pole is ten feet high.(那根桿子有十英尺高。)

feet……………普通名詞，單數(shù)，中性，賓格——作為目的狀態(tài)狀語修飾形容詞“high”(=high?by ten feet.)

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(從I到V)

解析下列句子斜體部分的名詞：

1. All?men?are created equal.——Jefferson.

2. Then rose from?sea?to?skey?the wild?farewell.一Byron.

3. Vanish'd is the auclent?splendor, and before my dreamy?eye.

Wave these mingling?shapes?and?figures， like a faded tapestry.——LongFellow.

4. The?steed?along the?drawbridge?flies.——Scott.

5. I could hear my?friend?chide him for not finding out some?work, but at

the same?time?saw him put his?hand?in his?pocket?and give him?sixpence

一Spectator.

6. Thou knowest my?praise?of?nature?most sincere,

And that my?raptures?are not conjured up

To serve?occasians?of poetic?pomp,

But genuine, and art partner of them all.——Cowper

7. Thy?name?and watchword o'er this?land

I hear in every?breeze?that stirs,

And round a thousand?altars?stand

Thy banded party?workshippers. --?Whittier

8. Whilst I was thus musing, I cast my?eyes?towards the?summit?of a?rock

that was not far from me, where I discovered oue In the?habit?of a

shepherd, with a little musical?instruments?his?hand.——Addison.

9. His?spear, to equal which the tallest?pine

Hewn on Norwegian?hills?to be the mast

Of some great?ammiral?were but a wand,

He walked with, to support uneasy?steps,

Over the burning?marle.——Milton.

10. The gushing?flood?the?tartans?dyed.——Scott.

11.?Lives?of great men all remind us

We can make our?lives?sublime,

And, departing, leave behind us

Footprints?on the?sands?of?time.——Longfellow．

12. His?father's sword?he has girded on.——Moore.

13.?Leaves?have their time to fall

And flowers to wither at the?North Wind's?breath.——Hemans.

14. Then future ages with delight shall see

How?Plato's, Bacon's, Newton's?looks agree.——Pope.

15. The only, the perpetnol dirge

That's heard there is the?sea-bird's?cry,

The mournful murmur of the?surge,

The?cloud's?deep voice, the?wind's?low sigh. ——Pierpont.

16. The patriarch made?Joseph?a coat of many colors.

17. Lend your?neighbors?a helping hand.

18. We forgive our?friends?their faults.

19. Then give?humility?a coach-and-six,

Justice?a conqueror's sword, or?truth?a gown,

Or public?spirit?its great cure, a crown.——Pope

20. He chooses company, but not the?squire's(即，“The squire’s company.” 名詞被名詞所有格的名詞限制的部分通常省略，但是在解析的時(shí)候，為了便于理解，應(yīng)將其解析出來。)——Addison．

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(從VI到IX)

解析下列句子斜體部分的名詞：

1. Thomson, the?poet, was contemporary of Hume, the?historian．

2. The emperor?Kaoti, a?soldier?of fortune, marched against the Huns.——Gibbon

3.'Tie I,?Hamlet?the?Dane.——Shakespeare.

4. This is my?son， mine own?Telemachus——Tennyson．

5. There, swinging wide at her moorings, lay

The Somerset, British?man-of-war—

A phantom?ship.——Longfellow

6. Be a hero in the strife.——Longfellow

7. Discretion is the better?part?of valor. ——Shakespeare.

8. There were two?fathers, in this ghastly crew.——Byrow

9. Brevity is the soul of wit. ——Shakespeare.

10. The proper study of mankind is?man一Pope.

11. The?principle?which gave a peculiar coloring to Isnbclla'e mind was pkty——Prescott.

12. And the earth wns nll?rest，and the air was all?love.——Shelley

13. Others, their blue?eyes?with tears o'ertlowing,

Stand, like Ruth, amid the golden corn. ——Longfellow

14. The hill-range stood

Transfigured in the silver flood,

Its blown ,snows?flashing cold and kccn.——Whittier

15.?Success?being hopeless，preparations were made for a retreat.——Alison.

16.?Uriel, no wonder if thy perfect sight,

Amid the sun's bright circlet where thon sitt'st,

See far and wide.——Milton.

17. Rise, crowned with light, imperinl?Salem, rise !——Pope

18. With that she fell distract,

And, her?attendants?absent, swallowed fire. ——Shakespeare.

19. The?war?being ended, the soldiers returned to their homes.

20. Listen, my?chidren, and you shall hear

Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere. ——Longfellow

21. O?Caledonia! stern and wild,

Meet?nurse?for a poetie child.

Land?of brown heath and shaggy wood,

Land?of the mountain and the flood.——Scott

22. O lonely?tomb?in Moab's land,

O dark Bethpeor's?hill,

Speak to these curious hearts of ours

And teach them to be still.——Anon.

23. The antechambers were crowded all?night?with lords and councillors.——

Macaulay.

24. Home they brought her warrior dend.——Tennyson.

25. Patrick Henry was nearly six?feet?high.——Wirt

26. Not without deep solicitude I saw the angry clouds gathering in the horizon,?north?and?south.——Everett

27. Be that was dead came forth bound?hand?and?foot.——Bible．

28. You came three?times?last?week, but did you come the nearest?way!

29. Awake, my?St. John, leave nll meaner things.——Pope

30.?Milton, thou shouldst be with us at this hour. ——Wordsworth

來源：<<英語文法和寫作>> William Swinton，1879 年版。