3_Basic AnatomicalTerms I_6min

Welcome back toAnatomyX.

歡迎回到肌肉骨骼解剖學(xué)X。

In this sessionyou'll be learning some of the basic vocabulary terms that you will need tounderstand the cases.

在本次課程中，你將學(xué)習(xí)一些理解案例所需的基礎(chǔ)術(shù)語。

It's good to learnthese terms before you go to the clinics so that when you're in the clinicsyou'll be able to just concentrate on the orthopedic surgeons and the patients.

在進(jìn)入診所之前掌握這些術(shù)語的益處有很多，能讓你更專注于骨科醫(yī)生和患者本身。

For each of thelearning sessions, except the first one,

從第二節(jié)課開始，

we will have aseries of objectives.

每節(jié)課我們都會(huì)設(shè)定一系列目標(biāo)。

Because this isactive learning and very much about you and the skills that you're acquiringand learning, the objectives will take the form of things that we think youshould be able to do.

因?yàn)樯婕暗街鲃?dòng)學(xué)習(xí)，焦點(diǎn)在于你和你要學(xué)習(xí)掌握的技能，這些目標(biāo)將以我們認(rèn)為你能夠完成的任務(wù)形式出現(xiàn)。

So we think ofteaching as equipping you with things that you need.

我們認(rèn)為教學(xué)的目的是為你提供必要的工具。

And so theobjectives are things that you'll be able to do,

因此這些目標(biāo)將是你能夠“做到”的事情

not so muchunderstand or know, but explain, move, do a particular motion, move aparticular joint.

不僅僅是理解或知道，而是能夠解釋、移動(dòng)、做出特定動(dòng)作或讓特定關(guān)節(jié)動(dòng)起來。

The fiveobjectives for this session will be to describe three useful basic positions

本節(jié)課的五個(gè)目標(biāo)如下：

for the humanbody, one of which you will almost never see anyone assume.

第一，描述三種實(shí)用的人體基本姿勢(shì)，其中一種姿勢(shì)，幾乎不曾有人使用呢。

The second wouldbe to describe or explain three views for looking at the human body.

第二，描述或解釋觀察人體的三種視角。

The third would beto begin to use anatomical terms to describe locations and relationships.

第三，開始使用解剖學(xué)術(shù)語來描述方位關(guān)系。

To begin to usethe correct anatomical terms for different regions of the body.

第四，開始使用正確的解剖學(xué)術(shù)語來描述人體的不同區(qū)域。

And here's wherethere may be some surprises.

在這里你可能會(huì)感到一些意外。

So what you thinkof as the arm may not actually turn out to be the arm.

例如，你所謂的 “手臂”可能不是解剖學(xué)意義上的手臂；

And what you'vealways thought of as the leg may turn out to be something that you didn't thinkwas the leg.

你眼中的“腿”也可能會(huì)是你未曾想過的部位。

And so theordinary language terms that we—

所以普通術(shù)語中——

And those are thetwo most glaring examples.

這是兩個(gè)最明顯的例子。

The ordinarylanguage terms that we often use are not usually precise enough for anatomicaldescriptions.

我們?nèi)粘Ｊ褂玫钠胀ㄐg(shù)語通常不夠精確，無法滿足解剖學(xué)描述的需要。

And then finally,we'll describe three anatomical planes for seeing into deeper structures.

最后，第五，描述三種用于了解人體深層結(jié)構(gòu)的解剖平面。

These anatomicalplanes will be used mostly when we look at CT sections or radiographic imagesof the bodies.

這些解剖平面將會(huì)在我們查看CT片或放射影像時(shí)被大量使用。

So when we're actually looking beneath the skin, these willbe planes that we can divide the body into.

因此，當(dāng)我們深入觀察皮膚下的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，這些平面將幫助我們對(duì)人體進(jìn)行劃分。

So let's startwith standard anatomical position, which is a position that I would be verysurprised if you'd actually seen anyone in today.

那么讓我們從標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的解剖學(xué)姿勢(shì)開始。如果你告訴我，你真的見到過有人用這個(gè)姿勢(shì)站著的話，我會(huì)非常驚訝。

So right now, athome, if you wouldn't mind, stand in standard anatomical position.

所以現(xiàn)在，如果你不介意的話，請(qǐng)?jiān)囋嚳从脴?biāo)準(zhǔn)的解剖學(xué)姿勢(shì)站著。

So face forward,palms of the hands forward, feet flat on the floor.

面向前方，掌心向前，雙腳踩平在地面上。

This is standardanatomical position.

這就是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)解剖學(xué)姿勢(shì)。

Have you seenanyone else standing in this position all day long?

你有見過任何人整天是用這個(gè)姿勢(shì)站著的嗎？

I'm betting not.

我敢說沒有。

This is a positionthat all anatomical descriptions begin from,

這個(gè)姿勢(shì)是所有解剖學(xué)描述的起點(diǎn)，

even though no oneever stands in it.

即使沒有人是這樣站的。

So if you'retaking this course in a reclining position, lying on your back and using thecomputer, that position is supine.

如果你現(xiàn)在是躺著聽課，仰面躺著使用電腦，這個(gè)姿勢(shì)稱為仰臥位。

So supine is whenyou are lying face upwards.

所以仰臥位指的是你面朝上方的躺姿。

The opposite ofsupine is prone, which would mean you were lying face downwards and would beextremely difficult to do the course.

和仰臥位相對(duì)的是俯臥位，也就是面朝下方的躺姿，如果你這樣躺著的話會(huì)很難上課。

So standardanatomical position, head forward, palms forward, feet flat on the floor, aposition we never stand in, much less with no clothes on.

所以，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)解剖學(xué)姿勢(shì)是頭和掌心面向前，雙腳平放在地面上。我們從不用這個(gè)姿勢(shì)站著，更不用說赤身裸體的站著了。

And supine islying on your back, face up.

仰臥位是仰躺，面朝上。

Prone is lying onyour stomach, face down.

俯臥位是趴著，面朝下。

So those are thethree anatomical positions.

這就是三種解剖學(xué)姿勢(shì)。

Positions aredifferent from aspects.

姿勢(shì)與視角不同。

So aspect, Ithink, is a term from architecture.

所以視角這個(gè)術(shù)語，我認(rèn)為，源自建筑學(xué)。

And that is theview.

指的是觀察的角度。

That is how you'relooking at the patient.

也就是你看待病人的角度。

So if we'relooking at the patient from the front,

所以如果我們從前面觀察病人，

that's theanterior aspect of the body.

那就是身體的前方位。

If we're lookingat the patient from the back,

如果我們從后面觀察病人，

that's theposterior surface of the body, the whole thing, not just what you're thinkingof as the posterior.

那就是身體的后方位，此處指的是整個(gè)身體的背部表面，而不僅僅是你所想的后背位置。

And then thelateral aspect is looking at the body from the side.

然后側(cè)方位是指從側(cè)面觀察身體。

So again, theseare three ways of looking at the body.

所以這就是三種觀察人體的方式。

And at thebeginning of any anatomical description,

在開始進(jìn)行任何解剖學(xué)描述時(shí)，

it's important toknow which of those you're looking at.

知道你采用的是哪一種觀察方式是非常重要的。

The next sets ofterms will be terms that we use for reference,

接下來要講解的是一組我們用來定位的術(shù)語，

so either tolocate something exactly or to locate something

這些術(shù)語要么用來精準(zhǔn)定位某個(gè)部位，

in relation tosomething else again.

要么用于確定某個(gè)部位與其他部位之間的關(guān)系。

The first set ofterms are superficial and deep.

第一組術(shù)語是表層和深層。

So a superficialstructure is one that's closer to the surface of the body.

所以表層結(jié)構(gòu)是指更靠近身體表面的結(jié)構(gòu)，

A deep structureis something that's farther away from the surface of the body.

深層結(jié)構(gòu)則是指遠(yuǎn)離身體表面的結(jié)構(gòu)。

So the mostsuperficial structure that you can probably see right now is the skin.

因此你現(xiàn)在可以看到的，最表層的結(jié)構(gòu)就是皮膚。

Bones would bedeeper.

骨頭則在更深層。

And you would notbe able to see them.

你沒有辦法看到它們。

Superior,inferior, again assume that we're in standard anatomical position or somethinglike that.

至于“上方”和“下方”，現(xiàn)在再次假設(shè)我們處于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)解剖學(xué)姿勢(shì)或相似姿勢(shì)。

So the termsuperior means closer to the head.

上方是指更接近頭部的位置。

And the terminferior means closer to the feet.

而下方是指更接近腳部的位置。

So let's take abrief quiz question.

那么讓我們來做一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短的測(cè)試題。

So in thisdiagram, we would say that, true or false, the head is superior to the neck.

根據(jù)這個(gè)圖例中，做出正確還是錯(cuò)誤的判斷：我們可以說頭部在頸部的上方嗎？

4_Basic Anatomical Terms II_2min

True, and we would say, for example, that the feet areinferior to the head.

正確。并且我們可以說，例如，腳部在頭部的下方。

So superior means closer tothe head.

因此，上方是指更靠近頭部。

And inferior means closer tothe feet.

而下方是指更靠近腳部。

Now imagine a line rightdown the center of your body, a midline.

現(xiàn)在，想象有一條直線從你身體正中穿過，即一條“中線”。

And the term medial willmean closer to that midline.

術(shù)語“內(nèi)側(cè)”意味著更靠近那條中線。

So if we have a midlineright down the center of your body

所以，如果我們身體中央有一條中線，

the term medial will meancloser to that midline.

內(nèi)側(cè)就指離中線更近。

And the term lateral will befarther away from the midline.

而術(shù)語“外側(cè)”是指離中線更遠(yuǎn)。

So, for example, your handis lateral to your chest.

因此，舉例來說，你的手相對(duì)于你的胸腔位于外側(cè)。

And your abdomen is medialto your shoulder.

你的腹部相對(duì)肩膀位于內(nèi)側(cè)。

So your heart would bemedial to your shoulders.

而你的心臟位于肩膀的內(nèi)側(cè)。

And your shoulders would be

lateral to your heart.。

你的肩膀則位于心臟的外側(cè)。

The next terms are a littlemore difficult.

接下來的術(shù)語稍微復(fù)雜一些。

And those terms are proximaland distal.

這兩個(gè)術(shù)語是“近端”和“遠(yuǎn)端”。

So take, instead the midlinethis time as your central reference point, this time it will be the heartitself.

所以這次，我們不拿中線作對(duì)照，而以心臟本身作為你的中心參照點(diǎn)

So proximal means closer tothe heart.

所以近端意味著離心臟更近。

And distal means fartheraway from the heart.

遠(yuǎn)端意味著離心臟更遠(yuǎn)。

These terms work best in thelimbs where we have something that's actually closer to the body and a partthat's farther away from the body.

這兩個(gè)術(shù)語在四肢上的使用效果最好，因?yàn)槲覀兊乃闹拇_有明顯離軀干更近和更遠(yuǎn)的部分。

But they can be used even inthe head and neck.

但它們也可以用在頭部和頸部。

In thehead and neck, distal would actually be the top of the head.

在頭部和頸部，遠(yuǎn)端實(shí)際上是頭頂。

And proximal would be thelower part of the head.

近端則是頭的下半部分。

Because it's closer to theheart.

因?yàn)樗咏呐K。

So, again, what these termsmean is closer to the heart proximal,

所以，再次強(qiáng)調(diào)，更靠近心臟的是近端，

and farther from the heartdistal.

更遠(yuǎn)離心臟的是遠(yuǎn)端。

5_Basic AnatomicalTerms III_3

We will need to use more precise terms now,

現(xiàn)在我們需要使用更精確的術(shù)語。

not only for how things are located relative to one another,

不僅用于描述身體結(jié)構(gòu)之間的相對(duì)位置，

but for the actual body regions as well.

還用于描述實(shí)際的身體部位。

So some of these will line up with ordinary usage.

其中一些術(shù)語會(huì)符合日常用法。

And others will not.

而其他一些則不然。

So the head is the head.

所以頭部就是頭。

The neck is the neck.

頸部就是脖子。

The chest is the chest.

胸腔就是胸，

But it's also the thorax.

或者說胸腔。

The abdomen is between the thorax and the pelvis, which is the lower partof the abdomen.

腹部位于胸腔和骨盆中間，而骨盆在腹部的下方。

In the limbs, in addition to learning the new terms proximal and distal,

在四肢中，除了學(xué)習(xí)過的新術(shù)語“近端”和“遠(yuǎn)端”之外，

it's also important to remember that this structure is the upper limb.

還要記住這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)是上肢。

And this structure is the arm.

這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)是上臂。

This is the forearm.

這是前臂。

And this is the hand.

這是手部。

And in the lower limb the entire thing from hip to feet is the lowerlimb.

而在下肢中，從臀部到腳的整個(gè)部分都是下肢。

The leg is what you're use to thinking of as the calf.

小腿是你習(xí)以為常的“脛部”。

So only the segment between the knee and the ankle will be the leg.

所以只有從膝蓋到腳踝之間的部分才是小腿。

The part above that, proximal to that, will be the thigh.

在那之上，位于近端的，是大腿。

So this is the upper limb the arm and the forearm.

所以這是上肢，即上臂和前臂。

The lower limb, the thigh and the leg.

這是下肢，即大腿和小腿。

And then the last set of basic vocabulary terms that you need to know isthe terms for the planes.

然后，你需要學(xué)習(xí)的最后一組基本術(shù)語是平面術(shù)語。

So the anatomical planes will divide the body into different sections.

解剖平面會(huì)將身體劃分為不同的部分。

So first for a sagittal plane imagine an imaginary sheet of glassdividing the body into right and left halves.

首先，對(duì)于“矢狀面”，請(qǐng)想象一塊虛擬的玻璃板將身體分成左右兩半。

So a mid sagittal plane would come right down the center of the bodydividing it into right and left halves.

所以，一個(gè)正中矢狀面會(huì)從身體中央穿過，將身體分為左右兩個(gè)部分。

A coronal plane would be orthogonal to that, at right angles to that,

“冠狀面”則會(huì)與矢狀面垂直，成一個(gè)直角。

and would divide the body into front and back halves, anterior sectionand a posterior section.

并將身體分為前后兩半，即前側(cè)部分和后側(cè)部分。

So sagittal is right and left.

所以矢狀面是分成左右。

Coronal is anterior and posterior, or the front and the back.

冠狀面是分為前后，或前側(cè)和后側(cè)。

So those are at right angles to one another.

因此它們互成直角。

And then the last plane will be at right angles toboth of those.

然后最后一個(gè)平面將與這兩個(gè)平面都垂直。

And that's an axial plane.

那就是“水平面”。

Axial planes will divide the body into cross sectionsat right angles to the sagittal and coronal plane.

水平面會(huì)將身體劃分為與矢狀面和冠狀面都成直角的橫截面。