“孩子的問題其實是爸爸媽媽問題的一種延續(xù)，一種投射，解決了爸爸媽媽的問題，孩子的問題自然就解決了！” ——彭凱平 清華大學(xué)心理學(xué)教授??

關(guān)鍵詞：壓力，職業(yè)倦怠，父母倦怠，家庭角色支持

進入21世紀(jì)，養(yǎng)育子女方面出現(xiàn)的理想主義(例如，提倡溫暖、敏感和支持的養(yǎng)育，將子女培養(yǎng)成精英等)，父母的壓力顯著增加(Daly, 2007)?？释袷剡@種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的父母們，在工作和育兒領(lǐng)域扮演著重要角色，而父母的倦怠成為了一個越來越重要的話題(Maslach & Leiter, 2016)。要知道，并不是所有的需求都能得到充分滿足，父母在家庭和工作中的角色積累可能需要個人的稀缺資源，如時間、精力和承諾，并可能增強壓力的體驗(Hobfoll, 2001; Eby et al., 2005; Bakker & Demerouti, 2007)。角色需求的持久、過度，加上相關(guān)壓力的積累，越來越多的人會經(jīng)歷倦怠(Weber & Jaekel-Reinhard, 2000; Maslach et al., 2001; Brewer & Shapard, 2004)。依賴于Hobfoll的資源保護理論(Hobfoll, 1989)，倦怠表現(xiàn)為身體疲勞、情緒疲勞和認(rèn)知疲勞的結(jié)合(Shirom, 2003, p. 250)。倦怠，是長期經(jīng)歷壓力，或長期組織因素導(dǎo)致重復(fù)壓力和耗盡個人資源的結(jié)果(Maslach & Schaufeli, 1993; Schaufeli et al., 1993; Truchot, 2004)。

職業(yè)倦怠

壓力是導(dǎo)致職業(yè)倦怠的一個重要因素(Khalid et al., 2020)。職業(yè)壓力是對一個人的工作表現(xiàn)缺乏控制的一種反應(yīng)，當(dāng)一個人不得不以他不能或不愿意的方式表現(xiàn)時，壓力就會產(chǎn)生(Singhet al., 2020)。職業(yè)壓力相關(guān)的因素有很多，例如：超負(fù)荷的工作量、工作不安全感（失業(yè)）、社會支持缺乏（比如管理欺凌，人際關(guān)系）、競爭和技術(shù)變革等等。值得注意的是，職業(yè)壓力已被認(rèn)為職業(yè)倦怠的前提，因為長期（慢性）的壓力會導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的職業(yè)倦怠狀態(tài)(Galanakis et al., 2020)。根據(jù)性別角色理論(Eagly & Wood, 2012)，女性會遭受更多的女性職業(yè)倦怠，因為她們的責(zé)任并不僅限于工作，她們還有家庭任務(wù)，情緒超載時就會導(dǎo)致倦怠。而男性的職業(yè)倦怠的主要來源是女性職業(yè)倦怠。壓力應(yīng)對幫助調(diào)節(jié)壓力-健康關(guān)系。例如，問題聚焦型應(yīng)對在壓力源和倦怠兩個維度之間具有調(diào)節(jié)作用(Bhagat et al., 1995)。使用更多行為應(yīng)對（問題聚焦型+情緒聚焦型）的夫妻表現(xiàn)出更少的情緒疲憊，即使在沖突較高的情況下，情緒疲憊的得分也低于那些使用較少行為應(yīng)對的夫婦 (Recuero et al., 2021)。

父母倦怠

近幾年，父母倦怠是一個新的，重要的研究話題。工作-家庭沖突的經(jīng)歷可以被視為父母倦怠的一個因素(Bakker & Geurts, 2004; Butler et al., 2005)，工作和家庭領(lǐng)域的沖突也被發(fā)現(xiàn)與心理健康和工作倦怠有關(guān)(Geurts et al., 1999; Rupert et al., 2009)。

父母倦怠被認(rèn)為是一種獨特的、特定的綜合征，一種表現(xiàn)在父母環(huán)境中的心理綜合征 (Roskam et al., 2017)，主要特征是父母角色相關(guān)的三個關(guān)鍵維度:(1)疲憊，父母覺得照顧孩子壓力太大，覺得作為父母需要太多的參與。(2)情感疏離，指的是父母在情感上(而不是身體上)與孩子脫離關(guān)系，以遠(yuǎn)離讓自己疲憊的源頭。這意味著父母仍然在照顧孩子的生理需求，但在情感上投入較少，即對孩子發(fā)出的信號和需求缺乏敏感和響應(yīng)。(3)個人成就感，是指父母認(rèn)為自己不夠稱職，或父母角色成就感的缺乏，例如他們覺得作為父母，無法完成有價值的事情 (Roskam et al., 2017)。與女性相比，男性更可能面對的是父母倦怠，而不是工作方面的倦怠。長遠(yuǎn)來看，對家庭功能產(chǎn)生不利影響（在非工作領(lǐng)域?qū)Ω改附巧妥优挠绊懀?，還可能影響父母雙方在工作領(lǐng)域的表現(xiàn) (Bakel et al., 2018)。

孩子的角色：幫助父母應(yīng)對壓力和倦怠

積極心理學(xué)的各種研究表明，心理資本的四個維度：希望，彈性，樂觀，自我效能，單獨或組合一起可以幫助應(yīng)對壓力和倦怠(Avey et al., 2009)。當(dāng)我們關(guān)注于教育心理學(xué)來應(yīng)對孩子的問題，不妨換個角度，通過一些“心理學(xué)規(guī)律”，讓孩子成為父母應(yīng)對壓力和倦怠的好幫手。以下四個情景建議方案：

希望能削弱壓力和倦怠之間的關(guān)系，讓壓力轉(zhuǎn)化為倦怠的幾率降低(Passmore et al., 2020)；彈性幫助更好地管理日常生活中的壓力(Grover & Furnham, 2021)；樂觀使人能夠從使事情變得更好的角度去思考，而不是接受現(xiàn)狀(Luthans, 2002)；自我效能高的人比自我效能低的人能更好地應(yīng)對壓力情境(Klassen & Durksen, 2014)。

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