Differential reinforcement is a broader term covering several approaches to adjusting maladaptive behaviors.
差異強化是一個更廣泛的術(shù)語，涵蓋了幾種調(diào)整不適應(yīng)行為的方法。
DRI (differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors) attempts to replace a problem target behavior with an adaptive behavior that cannot be performed at the same time.
DRI (不兼容行為的區(qū)別強化)試圖用不能同時執(zhí)行的自適應(yīng)行為替換問題目標(biāo)行為。
DRA (differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors) rewards choosing alternative behaviors over a maladaptive behavior, although both could be performed at the same time.
選擇性行為的區(qū)別強化(DRA)獎勵選擇不同的行為而不是不適應(yīng)的行為，雖然兩者可以同時進行。
比如獎勵看書的行為而不是自言自語，雖然看書和自言自語可以同時進行。
DRO (differential reinforcement of other behavior) rewards the absence of the maladaptive behavior.
DRO (對其他行為的差異強化)獎勵不適應(yīng)行為的缺失。
假如自言自語是我們想弱化的一種行為，那么小朋友在自言自語時將得不到強化，小朋友只要沒有自言自語時都可以得到強化，小朋友可能在安靜的玩玩具，可能在安靜的看書，只要沒有自言自語的行為沒有發(fā)生就會得到強化。
DRL (differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior) rewards lowered rates of maladaptive behaviors rather than seeking to extinguish the target behavior altogether.
(低行為率的區(qū)別強化)獎勵降低了不適應(yīng)行為的比率，而不是尋求完全消滅目標(biāo)行為。比如小朋友平時自言自語十分鐘，但是他今天自言自語了8分鐘，那么就可以給到小朋友DRL強化，因為小朋友自言自語的時間減少了。
The 4 Types of Differential Reinforcement
差異強化的四種類型
There are four basic types of differential reinforcement.
差異強化有四種基本類型。
1. Differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors (DRI):?This approach to reinforcement uses a behavior that is “incompatible” with the targeted problem behavior. By causing a client to perform the incompatible behavior, they are unable to perform the problem behavior. Over time, this lowers the rates of that incompatible behavior. For example, if a child is drawing, they cannot also be chewing their fingernails.
1.不兼容行為的區(qū)別強化(DRI) : 這種強化方法使用與目標(biāo)問題行為“不兼容”的行為。通過使客戶端執(zhí)行不兼容的行為，它們就無法執(zhí)行問題行為。隨著時間的推移，這會降低這種不兼容行為的發(fā)生率。例如，如果一個孩子在畫畫，他們就不能同時咀嚼他們的指甲。
2. Differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors (DRA):?This method involves removing a problem behavior by reinforcing the adaptive, alternative behavior. However, the adaptive behavior probably will not be incompatible with the targeted behavior, so theoretically, a child with autism could perform both behaviors at the same time. Ideally, the reward for the alternative behavior is high enough that the targeted behavior becomes less desirable or reinforced.
2.區(qū)別強化可選擇行為(DRA) : 這種方法包括通過強化適應(yīng)性的可選擇行為來消除問題行為。然而，這種適應(yīng)行為可能與目標(biāo)行為并不矛盾，因此，理論上，自閉癥兒童可以同時表現(xiàn)出這兩種行為。理想情況下，替代行為的回報足夠高，目標(biāo)行為變得不那么可取或強化。
For example, a parent may request that their child pick up their toys in the living room instead of watching television. Theoretically, the child could still pay some attention to the television while picking up toys, but cleaning up their toys is the alternative behavior to just watching TV.
例如，父母可能會要求孩子在客廳收拾他們的玩具，而不是看電視。從理論上講，孩子在撿玩具的時候仍然可以注意看電視，但是清理玩具是僅僅看電視的替代行為。
3. Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO):?This approach?rewards the child when they are not performing targeted behaviors?rather than choosing alternatives to distract from the targeted behavior. For example, if a child bites their fingernails, their ABA therapist may reward them for every 10-second interval that they do not engage in this behavior. By doing this, the child may associate the lack of this targeted behavior with feeling good rather than the stimulation of the targeted behavior feeling good.
3.區(qū)別強化其他行為(DRO) : 這種方法獎勵孩子，當(dāng)他們沒有執(zhí)行目標(biāo)行為，而不是選擇替代品，以分散目標(biāo)行為。例如，如果一個孩子的問題行為時咬指甲， ABA 治療師可能會獎勵他們每10秒的間隔，如果他們沒有出現(xiàn)咬指甲這個行為。通過這樣做，孩子可能會把不要指甲這種有針對性的行為與感覺良好聯(lián)系起來，而不是把咬指甲這種針對性的行為與感覺良好聯(lián)系起來。
There are two subtypes of DRO. These are:
DRO 有兩個亞型，分別為:
a.?Interval, when reinforcement is given only after a specific amount of time passes.
間隔，當(dāng)只有在特定時間段后才給予強化時。
b.?Momentary, when reinforcement is given at a specific moment in time if the targeted behavior is not performed.
瞬間，當(dāng)強化給予在特定時刻的時間，如果目標(biāo)行為沒有執(zhí)行。
4. Differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior (DRL):?Like DRO, DRL involves a reward when a behavior does not occur, although DRL focuses on lower rates of targeted behaviors. Ultimately, by rewarding less frequent occurrences of the behavior, or less severe instances of the behavior, the ABA therapist hopes to keep target behaviors minimal enough that they are not disruptive to the person’s life and perhaps extinguish the behavior if possible.
4.區(qū)別強化低行為率(DRL) : 與 DRO 一樣，DRL 在行為沒有發(fā)生時也包含獎勵，盡管 DRL 側(cè)重于較低的目標(biāo)行為率。最終，通過獎勵較少頻繁發(fā)生的行為，或者不那么嚴重的行為，ABA 治療師希望將目標(biāo)行為保持在最低限度，這樣它們就不會破壞個人的生活，如果可能的話，也許還能消除這種行為。
There are three types of DRL.
有三種類型的 DRL。
a.?Full session:?Reinforcement is provided to the child only if the behavior was displayed at a rate deemed appropriate by the ABA therapist, for the entire therapy session.
整個療程: 在整個療程中，只有當(dāng)孩子的行為表現(xiàn)出 ABA 治療師認為合適的頻率時，才會對孩子進行強化。
b.?Interval:?As in DRO, reinforcement is provided if the behavior was displayed at or below appropriate levels for a specific amount of time.
B. 間隔時間: 與DRO一樣，如果行為在特定時間內(nèi)顯示在適當(dāng)水平或低于適當(dāng)水平，則提供增援。
c.?Spaced responding:?Reinforcement is given only after the behavior is displayed after a set amount of time has passed between the previous instance and the current instance of the behavior.
間隔響應(yīng): 只有在前一個實例和行為的當(dāng)前實例之間經(jīng)過一定時間后，行為才會顯示出來，才會給出強化。
An example of DRL occurs when a child gets up and walks away from homework several times. The parent helping the child with their homework wants the child to feel like they can take breaks when necessary but needs to provide boundaries around what “necessary” means.
有關(guān)DRL 的一個例子，一個小朋友在做家庭作業(yè)的時候會站起來并且離開幾次。幫助孩子完成家庭作業(yè)的父母希望孩子覺得他們可以在必要的時候休息一下，但是他們需要在“必要”這個問題上劃清界限。
With guidance from an ABA therapist, the parent may tell the child that they can get up five times while they complete their homework. After that, they are not allowed to get up again.
在 ABA 治療師的指導(dǎo)下，父母可能會告訴孩子，在他完成作業(yè)的時候，他們可以站起來五次。在那之后，他們不允許再站起來。
Research Supports Differential Reinforcement?研究支持差異強化
Each of these four types of differential reinforcement focuses on reducing or eliminating a target behavior, which is typically a maladaptive behavior. ABA therapists can use each of these types of differential reinforcement together in a treatment plan, but some types overlap more readily than others.
這四種類型的區(qū)別強化都側(cè)重于減少或消除目標(biāo)行為，這通常是一種不適應(yīng)的行為。ABA 治療師可以在治療計劃中同時使用這些類型中的每一種差異強化，但是有些類型比其他類型更容易重疊。
With DRA and DRI, targeted maladaptive behaviors decrease because there is reinforcement of adaptive behaviors and withholding of any type of reinforcement, including negative reinforcement, for the maladaptive behavior. This can be tricky and may require some analysis on the part of the ABA therapist to understand how the client interacts with teachers, parents, siblings, or caregivers.
使用 DRA 和 DRI，目標(biāo)不適應(yīng)行為減少，因為有適應(yīng)行為的強化和抑制任何類型的強化，包括負強化，對不適應(yīng)行為。這可能很棘手，可能需要 ABA 治療師進行一些分析，以了解客戶如何與老師、父母、兄弟姐妹或照顧者互動。
For example, if a parent yells at a child to stop chewing on their fingernails, this may accidentally reinforce the maladaptive behavior through high emotional intensity, attention from the parent, or other factors. Instead, gently removing the hand from the child’s mouth can be the only attention paid to this activity. Then, the child may be distracted into using their hands for something else, which is a DRI technique, or rewarded for choosing a healthier alternative than chewing their fingernails, which is a DRA technique.
例如，如果父母對孩子大喊停止咀嚼他們的指甲，這可能意外地通過高度的情緒強度、來自父母的關(guān)注或其他因素加強了不適應(yīng)行為。相反，輕輕地把手從孩子的嘴上移開，可能是對這個活動的唯一關(guān)注。然后，孩子可能會分心，使用他們的手做其他事情，這是一種 DRI 技術(shù)，或獎勵選擇一個更健康的替代品，而不是咀嚼他們的指甲，這是一種 DRA 技術(shù)。
Scientific research shows that differential reinforcement tactics are evidence-based and do work to adjust behaviors to more adaptive actions.?A study published in 2010?involving seven children with developmental disorders used DRA specifically, without an extinction component. The researchers adjusted the duration of the alternative behavior, the quality of the alternative behavior, the delay, and a combination of all three.
科學(xué)研究表明，差異強化策略是以證據(jù)為基礎(chǔ)的，可以調(diào)整行為以適應(yīng)更多的適應(yīng)行動。2010年發(fā)表的一項研究涉及7名患有發(fā)育障礙的兒童，該研究專門使用了 DRA，沒有涉及削弱的內(nèi)容。研究人員調(diào)整了選擇行為的持續(xù)時間，選擇行為的質(zhì)量，延遲，以及三者的組合。
Behavior was often sensitive to manipulations, but the most important part of the study showed that several approaches to reinforcing the appropriate behavior helped to reduce the rate of the target behavior more often than one approach alone.
行為通常對操縱很敏感，但研究中最重要的部分表明，幾種強化適當(dāng)行為的方法比單一方法更有助于降低目標(biāo)行為的發(fā)生率。
ABA Therapists Often Use Differential Reinforcement
ABA 治療師經(jīng)常使用差異強化
Differential reinforcement is an important tool for ABA therapists. Using these techniques can help them monitor rates of behavioral change over time in an objective way. By dividing target behaviors up into timed or monitored instances, the ABA therapist can see if one or more of these interventions work to reduce maladaptive behaviors. Then, based on that information, they can understand if they must adjust their treatment plan.
區(qū)別強化是 ABA 治療師的重要工具。使用這些技術(shù)可以幫助他們以一種客觀的方式監(jiān)測隨著時間的推移行為變化的速度。通過將目標(biāo)行為劃分為定時的或監(jiān)控的實例，ABA 治療師可以看到這些干預(yù)措施中的一個或多個是否起到了減少不適應(yīng)行為的作用。然后，根據(jù)這些信息，他們可以理解是否必須調(diào)整他們的治療計劃。
