https://www.wcrp-climate.org/etccdi
氣候變化指數
背景
氣候界普遍認為，極端氣候事件的頻率或嚴重程度的任何變化都會對自然和社會產生深遠的影響。因此，分析極端事件非常重要。極端氣候變化的監(jiān)測，檢測和歸因通常需要每日分辨率數據。但是，全局完整且易于獲得的全分辨率日常數據集的編譯，提供和更新是一項非常困難的任務。這部分是因為并非所有國家氣象和水文氣象服務（NMHS）都有能力或授權自由分發(fā)他們收集的每日數據。因此，ET及其前身CCl / CLIVAR氣候變化檢測工作組（WG）一直在協(xié)調國際上的發(fā)展，計算和分析一系列指數，以便個人，國家和地區(qū)能夠以完全相同的方式計算指數，使其分析能夠無縫地融入全球圖景中（Karl等，1999，Peterson和共同作者2001） 。希望參與這項工作將使所有有關各方，包括指數提供者，能夠從目前無法獲得更廣泛空間覆蓋的改進的變化監(jiān)測中受益。
具體發(fā)現文獻：https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618214002043?via%3Dihub
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.03.060
降水相關指數
http://etccdi.pacificclimate.org/software.shtml
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Rx1day, Monthly maximum 1-day precipitation:
Let RRij be the daily precipitation amount on day i in period j. The maximum 1-day value for period j are:
Rx1dayj = max (RRij)
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Rx5day, Monthly maximum consecutive 5-day precipitation:
Let RRkj be the precipitation amount for the 5-day interval ending k, period j. Then maximum 5-day values for period j are:
Rx5dayj = max (RRkj)
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SDII Simple pricipitation intensity index: Let RRwj be the daily precipitation amount on wet days, w (RR ≥ 1mm) in period j. If Wrepresents number of wet days in j, then:
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R10mm Annual count of days when PRCP≥ 10mm: Let RRij be the daily precipitation amount on day i in period j. Count the number of days where:
RRij ≥ 10mm
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R20mm Annual count of days when PRCP≥ 20mm: Let RRij be the daily precipitation amount on day i in period j. Count the number of days where:
RRij ≥ 20mm
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Rnnmm Annual count of days when PRCP≥ nnmm, nn is a user defined threshold: Let RRij be the daily precipitation amount on day i in period j. Count the number of days where:
RRij ≥ nnmm
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CDD. Maximum length of dry spell, maximum number of consecutive days with RR < 1mm: Let RRij be the daily precipitation amount on day iin period j. Count the largest number of consecutive days where:
RRij < 1mm
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CWD. Maximum length of wet spell, maximum number of consecutive days with RR ≥ 1mm: Let RRij be the daily precipitation amount on day iin period j. Count the largest number of consecutive days where:
RRij ≥ 1mm
R95pTOT. Annual total PRCP when RR > 95p. Let RRwj be the daily precipitation amount on a wet day w (RR ≥ 1.0mm) in period i and let RRwn95 be the 95th percentile of precipitation on wet days in the 1961-1990 period. If W represents the number of wet days in the period, then:
- R99pTOT. Annual total PRCP when RR > 99p: Let RRwj be the daily precipitation amount on a wet day w (RR ≥ 1.0mm) in period i and let RRwn99 be the 99th percentile of precipitation on wet days in the 1961-1990 period. If W represents the number of wet days in the period, then:
- PRCPTOT. Annual total precipitation in wet days: Let RRij be the daily precipitation amount on day i in period j. If I represents the number of days in j, then
References
- Karl, T.R., N. Nicholls, and A. Ghazi, 1999: CLIVAR/GCOS/WMO workshop on indices and indicators for climate extremes: Workshop summary. Climatic Change, 42, 3-7.
- Peterson, T.C., and Coauthors: Report on the Activities of the Working Group on Climate Change Detection and Related Rapporteurs 1998-2001. WMO, Rep. WCDMP-47, WMO-TD 1071, Geneve, Switzerland, 143pp.
github 程序
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pacificclimate/climdex.pcic
Routines to compute ETCCDI Climdex indices
GPL-3.0 license
R -
ECCC-CDAS/RClimDex
Simple R package for ETCCDI/CRD climate change indices calculations
LGPL-2.1 license
R -
Peter-Gibson/ETCCDI_cdo
python code that uses cdo operators to calculate ETCCDI indices
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SantanderMetGroup/climate4R.climdex
A climate4R package for calculation of the ETCCDIcore climate indices (part of the climate4R bundle)
R
M. Iturbide, J. Bedia, S. Herrera, J. Ba?o-Medina, J. Fernández, M.D. Frías, R. Manzanas, D. San-Martín, E. Cimadevilla, A.S. Cofi?o and JM Gutiérrez (2019) The R-based climate4R open framework for reproducible climate data access and post-processing. Environmental Modelling & Software, 111, 42-54. DOI: /10.1016/j.envsoft.2018.09.009
https://github.com/SantanderMetGroup/notebooks
直接數據的下載：
http://etccdi.pacificclimate.org/data.shtml
The extreme precipitation indices used can be divided into two types (Liu et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2013a,b,c). One is precipitation indices, including PRCPTOT, R95p, R99p, RX1 day, RX5 day and SDII. The other type is the number of days of precipitation, including R10 mm, R20 mm, R25 mm, CDD and CWD
http://climate-modelling.canada.ca/climatemodeldata/climdex/
Sillmann, J., V. V. Kharin, F. W. Zwiers, X. Zhang, and D. Bronaugh, 2013b: Climate extremes indices in the CMIP5 multi-model ensemble. Part 2: Future projections. J. Geophys. Res., [doi:10.1002/jgrd.50188](http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50188 "Links to websites not under the control of the Government of Canada, including those to our social media accounts, are provided solely for the convenience of our website visitors. We are not responsible for the accuracy, currency or reliability of the content of such websites. The Government of Canada does not offer any guarantee in that regard and is not responsible for the information found through these links, nor does it endorse the sites and their content.
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Table 1. Core Set of 27 Extreme Indices Recommended by the ETCCDI. The Index R1mm Marked With * is Defined by ETCCDI for a User Specified Threshold Which is Set to 1?mm for This Study
The indices are defined and described in detail in Klein Tank et al. [2009] and Zhang et al. [2011]. The indices fall roughly into four categories: (1) absolute indices, which describe, for instance, the hottest or coldest day of a year, or the annual maximum 1 day or 5 day precipitation rates; (2) threshold indices, which count the number of days when a fixed temperature or precipitation threshold is exceeded, for instance, frost days or tropical nights; (3) duration indices, which describe the length of wet and dry spells, or warm and cold spells; and (4) percentile‐based threshold indices, which describe the exceedance rates above or below a threshold which is defined as the 10th or 90th percentile derived from the 1961–1990 base period. The latter are referred to as percentile indices in the following. The complete set of 27 indices is summarized in Table?1.
| Label | Index Name | Index Definition | Units |
|---|---|---|---|
| TN10p | Cold nights | Let TNij be the daily minimum temperature on day i in period j and let TNin10 be the calendar day 10th percentile centered on a 5 day window. The percentage of days in a year is determined where TNij < TNin10 | % |
| TX10p | Cold days | Let TXij be the daily maximum temperature on day i in period j and let TXin10 be the calendar day 10th percentile centered on a 5 day window. The percentage of days is determined where TXij < TXin10 | % |
| TN90p | Warm nights | Let TNij be the daily minimum temperature on day i in period j and let TNin90 be the calendar day 90th percentile centered on a 5 day window. The percentage of days is determined where TNij > TNin90 | % |
| TX90p | Warm days | Let TXij be the daily maximum temperature on day i in period j and let TXin90 be the calendar day 90th percentile centered on a 5 day window. The percentage of days is determined where TXij > TXin90 | % |
| WSDI | Warm spell duration | Let TXij be the daily maximum temperature on day i in period j and let TXin90 be the calendar day 90th percentile centered on a 5 day window for the base period 1961–1990. Then the number of days per period is summed where, in intervals of at least 6 consecutive days: TXij > TXin90 | days |
| CSDI | Cold spell duration | Let TNij be the daily minimum temperature on day i in period j and let TNin10 be the calendar day 10th percentile centered on a 5 day window for the base period 1961–1990. Then the number of days per period is summed where, in intervals of at least 6 consecutive days: TNij < TNin10 | days |
| TXx | Max TX | Let TXx be the daily maximum temperatures in month?k, period j. The maximum daily maximum temperature each month is then: TXxkj = max(TXxkj) | °C |
| TXn | Min TX | Let TXn be the daily maximum temperature in month?k, period j. The minimum daily maximum temperature each month is then: TXnkj = min(TXnkj) | °C |
| TNx | Max TN | Let TNx be the daily minimum temperatures in month?k, period j. The maximum daily minimum temperature each month is then: TNxkj = max(TNxkj) | °C |
| TNn | Min TN | Let TNn be the daily minimum temperature in month?k, period j. The minimum daily minimum temperature each month is then: TNnkj = min(TNnkj) | °C |
| FD | Frost days | Let TN be the daily minimum temperature on day i in period j. Count the number of days where TNij < 0°C | days |
| ID | Ice days | Let TX be the daily maximum temperature on day i in period j. Count the number of days where TXij < 0°C | days |
| SU | Summer days | Let TX be the daily maximum temperature on day i in period j. Count the number of days where TXij > 25°C | days |
| TR | Tropical nights | Let TN be the daily minimum temperature on day i in period j. Count the number of days where TNij > 20°C | days |
| GSL | Growing season length | Let T be the mean temperature ((TN?+?TX)/2) on day i in period j. Count the number of days between the first occurrence of at least 6 consecutive days with T > 5°C and the first occurrence after 1st July (NH) or 1st January (SH) of at least 6 consecutive days with Tij < 5°C | days |
| DTR | Diurnal temperature range | Let TN and TX be the daily minimum and maximum temperature respectively on day I in period j. If I represents the number of days in j, then: DTRj = [圖片上傳失敗...(image-fbdc26-1561518921414)](TXij – TNij)/ I | °C |
| RX1day | Max 1 day precipitation | Let PRij be the daily precipitation amount on day i in period j. The maximum 1 day value for period j are: RX1dayj = max (PRij) | mm |
| RX5day | Max 5 day precipitation | Let PRkj be the precipitation amount for the 5 day interval ending k, period j. Then maximum 5 day values for period j are: RX5dayj = max (PRkj) | mm |
| SDII | Simple daily intensity | Let PRwj be the daily precipitation amount on wet days, PR >?= 1?mm in period j. If W represents number of wet days in j, then: SDIIj = ([圖片上傳失敗...(image-663a6c-1561518921414)] PRwj) / W | mm |
| R1mm* | Number of wet days | Let PRij be the daily precipitation amount on day i in period j. Count the number of days where PRij > 1?mm | days |
| R10mm | Heavy precipitation days | Let PRij be the daily precipitation amount on day i in period j. Count the number of days where PRij > 10?mm | days |
| R20mm | Very heavy precipitation days | Let PRij be the daily precipitation amount on day i in period j. Count the number of days where PRij > 20?mm | days |
| CDD | Consecutive dry days | Let PRij be the daily precipitation amount on day i in period j. Count the largest number of consecutive days where PRij < 1?mm | days |
| CWD | Consecutive wet days | Let PRij be the daily precipitation amount on day i in period j. Count the largest number of consecutive days where PRij > 1?mm | days |
| R95p | Very wet days | Let PRwj be the daily precipitation amount on a wet day w (PR >?= 1?mm) in period i and let PRwn95 be the 95th percentile of precipitation on wet days in the 1961–1990 period. If W represents the number of wet days in the period, then: R95pj = [圖片上傳失敗...(image-e960d3-1561518921413)] PRwj, where PRwj > PRwn95 | mm |
| R99p | Extremely wet days | Let PRwj be the daily precipitation amount on a wet day w (PR >?= 1?mm) in period i and let PRwn99 be the 95th percentile of precipitation on wet days in the 1961–1990 period. If W represents the number of wet days in the period, then: R99pj = [圖片上傳失敗...(image-ad69e8-1561518921413)] PRwj, where PRwj > PRwn99 | mm |
| PRCPTOT | Total wet‐day precipitation | Let PRij be the daily precipitation amount on day i in period j. If I represents the number of days in j, then: PRCPTOTj = [圖片上傳失敗...(image-c85055-1561518921412)] PRij | mm |
